高中英语语法知识归纳 一-

1、高中英语语法知识归纳一、非谓语动词“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作谓语外,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下:一感(feel.二听(hear,listen to,三让(have,1et,make,四看(see,watCh,notice,observe。再加上help somebody(todo something和美国英语look at somebody do somthing。还有“二让”属特殊:get somebody to do something

2、 与keep somebody doing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话:Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成:permit, advise,practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk, imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受。为了容易记住,也可以编成顺口溜:“允许完成练习,建议避免冒险,考虑延期逃跑,喜欢保持想象,需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是:permit/allow,fini

3、sh,practise;advise/suggest,avoid,risk:consider,delay,escape /miss;enjoy/appreciate,keep,imagine;need/want/require,mind.can't help /cant stand。二、复合句1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。例如:A、The news that our team has won the match is true.(同位语从句B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here.(定语从句关键的区别在于

4、连接或关系代词that:有意义的是定语,无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或宾语,而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与which:that之前是不定(代词、序数(词、(形容词最高级:which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性。例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.C、I have lost my pen,which I like v

5、ery much.D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.三、It的用法1、It除了代替人和物以外,还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句则放于谓语或表语之后。例如:It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是:无助(no help、无用(no use、没好处(no good;工作(hard work、费时(a waste of time、又危险(a danger。例如:A、It is no use cry

6、ing over spilt milk. B、It is a waste of time waiting for him.2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语:2f2tcjm(find, feel,think,take,consider,judge, make。例如:A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.B、I think it no use arguing with him.3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、状语,可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是:It i

7、s(was+ 被强调部分+that(who+句子的其余部分。例如:A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English(强调主语 B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.(强调状语 C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上但要注意与定语从句的区别。例如:D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定语从句在强调句式里,我们把强调结构It is(wasthat除去,句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。四、倒装结构学

8、生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之,编个顺口溜:副(adv.介(prep.提前全倒装,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助动,让步状语倒表语;复合句式倒主句,不倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明:A、Here comes the bus.(副词提前,全倒装 B、Here he comes.(代词作主语,不倒装 C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前,全倒装 D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前,部分倒装 E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句,表语倒装 F、Only wh

9、en he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修饰状语,主句倒装 G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语.不倒装 H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前,部分倒装I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语,不倒装五、虚拟语气虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不

10、表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下:纯假设,用虚拟,动词时态退一级:条件句,分主从,主句谓语前加would (should,could,might;表愿望,用虚拟,wish后面接宾语(从句:现在过去与将来,动词时态退一级:提建议,用虚拟,宾语(从句动词用(shoulddo:俩建议,三要求,再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order:It is time和eoukd rather,后接丛句用虚拟:部分主语从句中,谓语用虚拟结构(It is necessry /important/natur

11、al/natural/strange/strange thatshould do。下面举例说明:A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (条件句虚拟 B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上 C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟D、He demanded that we (shouldstart right away.(表示建议虚拟 E、It is(hightime that we left (shou

12、ld leavenow.(特殊从句虚拟F、I would rather you gave me the book.(同上 G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday,(主语从句虚拟 H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English.(特殊从句虚拟总之,语法是从语言实践中总结出来的规则,要边学边寻找规律,以提高学习效率。在学习中不能只记一些语法规则,要进行实践练习。通过练习,可以发现和纠正错误,而且有利于况固所学知识。高中英语难点词语使用解释一,使用代用词one应注意的

13、问题英语中one可用作代用词.它代替上文出现的名词词组中心词,以避免重复.使用代用词one时需注意以下几个方面:1.只能代替可数名词,不能代替不可数名词.eg:I haven't got a raincoat.I'll have to buy one. Brown's old car is much better than our new one.3.代用词one的常用关联情况1与前面带有冠词的形容词连用.eg:We are moving from our present house into a smaller one.Have you any knives I ne

14、ed a sharp one.I like a strong cup of tea better than a weak one.I propose in this chapter and in the following one to give an outline of the pioneering work.2与形容词性物主代词和形容词连用.eg:Take off your blue dress and put on your green one.3其前有定冠词,其后有后置修饰语(形容词短语或定语从句.eg:If you can't find your pen, use the

15、one on the table.Hand me my coat,please.It is the one hanging on the third hook.Of the two watches, I prefer the one that you showed us first.4与this和that连用,其后可接后置修饰语或定语从句.eg:You sit in that chair,and I'll have this one.The book I am referring to is that one on the second shelf.The most valuable

16、ring that l possess is this one I am wearing.5其前可用广义序数词,如next,1ast, other,another及疑问代词which等.eg:Let's finish this exercise so we can go on to the next one.Some of the answers were correct,but I don't remember which ones.6在口语中,代用词one常与形容词最高级连用.eg:Betty had tens of thousands of Augustus's

17、1etters. She chose from these thousands the fifteen most damaging ones she could find.4.代用词one(或ones的省略1句中形容词表示前后对比时,可以省略代用词.eg:His professional instincts are stronger than his personal (ones.Local political forces are 1ess concentrated than national(ones. There are,of course,bad architects as well

18、as good(ones.AngloSaxon should be preferrted to foreign words,and the short word to the long(one.2句中只提到两种可能性时,一般省略代用词.eg:The new library will be like the o1d(one. Lean years may be expected to follow the fat(ones.3形容词比较级后常省略代用词.eg:I know this is not quite the right word,but I can't be bothered t

19、o think of a better(one.There were two tables 1aidhe and Ann were expected to preside at the smaller (one. 4"不定冠词+原级形容词"后的代用词一般不省略.eg:Have you any knives I need a sharp one.5.不使用代用词的场合2one一般不能与own连用.eg:I can't write properly with your pen;I'd rather use my own.(不能用my own oneMrs Smi

20、th is both 1oved and respected in many countries besides her own.(不能用her own one3one不能置于所有格名词或形容词性物主代词之后.eg:As my own bicycle was broken,I borrowed John's.(不能用John's oneIs this my pen,or is it yours (不能用your one如需连用,所有格名词或形容词性物主代词与代用词之间必须有一形容词,如John's oldone,your new one,my best one等.eg:

21、You may borrow my o1d pen,if you wish,but I cannot 1end you my best one.My humble fate is curiously bound up with John's illustrious one. 4one不能与these和those连用.eg:I don't care for those flowers;I would rather have these.These machines are better than those we turned out last year.5one不能与基数词连用

22、.eg:You have three book; I have only two.(不能用two ones但在口语中有时可以例外.eg:There were a 1ot of artistic kinds of people there,and one or two ones from the BBC.二,"to.to"结构之肯定意义的语域及其成因研究"tooto"是英语中常见的,以其肯定形式表示否定意义的结构.但是,并不是所有的"tooto"结构都表示否定意义.在某些情况下,"tooto"结构也表示肯定意义.下面

23、将从"too.to"结构的语义特征分析其肯定意义及其语域和成因.一,"too.to"结构的肯定意义在"某些特殊副词+tooto"结构语域中的体现及其成因研究: 1.语域研究2.成因研究在以上例句中,too前面的"but,only,all,simply,just"等副词只起到了加强语气的作用.因此,用于"too.to"结构前面的这几个副词可以互换,而不定式,to则表示原因,有肯定意义.另外,该用法中的too只表示程度深一些,所以不会对其后的形容词产生否定意义,反而更强调了其肯定意义.二,"

24、;too.to"结构的肯定意义在"否定副词+too.to"结构和"too.+notto"语域中的体现及其成因研究1.语域研究2.成因研究当too表示"太,过分"意义时,它是一个表示超量的程度副词,对其后所跟的形容词起一种消极作用,含有否定意义,因此就导致了"tooto"结构含有否定意义.但如果在too前加否定词not 或never,形成双重否定,则能使原来具有否定意义的"too.to"结构转化为肯定意义. 三,"tooto"结构的肯定意义在"too+特殊形

25、容词+to"结构语域中的体现及其成因研究1.语域研究漂亮的礼物,他真是太高兴了.2.成因研究在以上例句中,表示心情或描绘性的形容词和to引导的不定式结合成一个表示不可分割的状态,态度,心境或倾向,并且具有明显的动词意义或感情色彩.因此,句中的不定式"to."表示肯定(不表示结果含义.可见,在"too.to"结构表示肯定的句型中,too的逻辑意义为'extremely'(很,十分,强调其后的形容词具有肯定意义;这与"too.to"结构表示否定时,too的含义和作用完全相反.三,as用法小结as一词在SEFC新教

26、材中多处出现.它词性多,词义广,用法灵活.现将其用法归纳如下.一as作副词,表示程度,意为"同样地".在"as.as.","not as.as."结构中的第一个as是副词,作"和/与.(不一样"解.eg:Jack is as tall as his father.杰克和他的父亲一样高.He doesn't speak English as/so fluently as you.他的英语说得不如你流利.二as作介词.三as作连词,常用来连接主句和状语从句.1.引导时间状语从句,作"当.的时候&quo

27、t;解,有"随着."之意,与while意义相近,强调两个动作同时发生;或某事一发生,另一事立即发生.eg:He shouted aloud as her ran along.他一边往前跑,一边高声地呼喊.I was startled as he opened the door.他一开门,我吓了一跳. We get wiser as we get older.随着年龄的增长,我们会变得更聪明.as作连词,相当于when.eg;As a little boy (When he was a little boyhe began to learn to play piano.他小时

28、候就开始学弹钢琴. As a child (When he was a child,he lived in the countryside.他小时候住在农村.2.引导原因状语从句,作"因为,由于"解,与because的用法相近.eg;As it was getting very late,we soon turned back.因为很晚了,我们很快就回来了.I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了,因为我还有许多工作要做.3.引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句,作"正如,(如

29、像"解.例eg:As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.正如(像你们国家一样,我们在北方种小麦,在南方种大米.(方式状语从句 When at Rome,do as Romans do.入乡随俗.(方式状语从句They always work as hard as we do.他们工作总是像我们一样努力.(句中第二个as是连词,引导比较状语从句4.引导让步状语从句,作"虽然,尽管"解.这时从句常用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语,状语或动词原形放在as之前.eg;Strange

30、 as it may seem,it is true.尽管这事看上去很奇怪,但却是真的. Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties.不管怎样努力,汤姆还是摆脱不了困境.Child as she is,she knows a lot.她虽然年幼,但却懂得很多东西.(注意;child前不带不定冠词a四as作关系代词.过去一样了.As many people as are present will be given a present.所有在场的人都将得到一份礼物.2.引导非限制性定语从句,用来指代它前面的整个句子(即先行句,

31、意思是"这一点".这个分句可以位于句首,句中或句末.eg:As is well known,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.我们知道,海洋占地球面积的百分之七十以上.This elephant is like a snake,as anybody can see.谁都看得出来,这头大象就像一条蛇.五含as的固定词组的用法1.as soon as作"一就"解,引导时间状语从句.eg:As soon as I get to Beijing,I'll write to you.我一到北京,就给你写信.2.

32、as/so long as作"只要"解,eg;As/So long as you study hard,you'll make progress.只要你努力,你就会取得进步.As if/though也可用来引导表语从句,常用在"It appears/looks/seems.+as if/though"句型结构中.eg;It appears as if/though it is going to clear up.看起来天要晴了. It seems as if/though he knew nothing about it.他好像对此事一无所知.4

33、.as to作"关于,至于"解.eg;There is no doubt as to his honesty.他的诚实是无可置疑的.6.so/as far as I know作"就我所知"解,在句中作插入语.eg:As/So far as I know,he will come here next Monday.据我所知,他将于下星期一到这里来.7.as a result,as a result of表示"由于.的结果".eg: We follow up the suggestions,and have had satisfying

34、experiences as aresult.由于我们按照建议办事,因此一直得到满意的结果. She died as a direct result of the accident.她的死是那次事故的直接结果.8,as well为"也,还"之意.eg:Come early,and bring your brother as well.早点来,把你的弟弟也带来.as well as也可以作"和,同"解.当其连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语在数上保持一致.eg:My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy

35、music. 比较:My elder sister as well as my parents enjoys music.我父母亲和我姐姐都喜欢音乐.9.so as to,so.as to若跟动词原形,表示目的或结果.eg:He studied hard so as to pass the exam.他努力学习以便通过考试.(表示目的He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.他很强壮,能搬动这个沉重的箱子.(表示结果 四,keep,1eave,find,feel和make在S V O C中的用法SVOC是一种基本句型.其中S-Subjeet,V-Ve

36、rb,O-Object,C-Complement.宾语补语可以是形容词(Adjective,名词(Noun,现在分词(Present participle,过去分词(Past participle,介词短语(Prepositional phrase和副词(Adverb,也可以是动词不定式(Infinitive,或是从句(Clause.SVOC结构在SEFC中运用很广泛,而且动词make,keep,leave,find和feel在新教材中出现频率很高,也是学习中的难点.下面分别谈谈这些词在SVOC中的用法.Keep keep在SVOC中的释义是"使某人或某事保持在某一状态".

37、1.keep+O+Prepositional phraseI'll keep the box in the shade so that the sun doesn't burn the little plants.我会把这个盒子一直放在阴凉地方,这样太阳就不会把幼苗晒枯.2.keep+O+Past participleWe'll keep you informed of the flood in the Chang jiang River.我们将随时让你知道长江水灾的情况.3.keep+O+AdjectivePlease keep the room clean all

38、the time.请始终保持房间清洁.4.keep+O+Present participleMother kept me studying during the summer holiday;for I failed my maths exam.母亲让我暑假一直学习,因为我数学考试不及格.5.keep+O+AdverbYou must keep this medicine away from the child.这药要放在儿童够不到的地方.Leave leave在SVOC中的释义是"让某人或某事处于某种状态".1.1eave+O+ClauseLeave her where

39、she is.让她留在原地.Don't touch my writing table;leave it as it is.别碰我的写字台,就让它照原样放着.2.1eave+O+Past participleBefore the final exam,he left nothing undone.在期末考试前,他已做好了一切准备.3.1eave+O+AdjectiveFear left her lips stiff.恐惧使她张口结舌.4.1eave+O+Present participleDon't leave water running to clean vegetables.

40、洗菜时不要开着水龙头让水直淌.5.1eave+O+InfinitiveLeave the fnture to take care of itself.让未来自然发展吧.6.Leave+O+AdverbSomeone has left the bathroom tap no.有人忘了关浴室的水龙头.Find find在SVOC中的释义是"发现,觉得"或者"发现.处于某种状态".1.find+O+Adjective.but I find idioms and useful expressions hard to learn.但是我觉得习惯用语和有用的词语很难

41、学.2.find+O+NounI find him a very clever man.我发现他是一个很聪明的人.3.find+O+Present participleDusk found him crying in the street.黄昏时,他在街头叫喊.4.find+O+Past participleHe found his hometown greatly changed.他发现他的家乡发生了巨大的变化.5.find+O+Prepositional phraseThey found him already in the care of a doctor.他们发现已经有一位大夫在照顾他

42、了.6.find+O+AdverbHe hurried there,but found them all out.他赶到那里,但发现大家都出去了.find在SVOC中的宾语如果是动词不定式或者是动名词,就必须用先行词it表示,然后将真正的宾语置于补语之后.7.find+it+adj.+doing sth.We found it useless trying to persuade him to go with us.我们发现劝他和我们一起去是没用的.8.find+it+adj.+to do sth.She found it hard to keep a diary in English.她发现

43、用英语每天写日记很难.Feel feel在SVOC中的释义是"感到,认为",如果其宾语是动词不定式,也必须用先行词it表示,然后将真正的宾语置于补语之后.1.feel+it+Noun+InfinitiveThey feel it their duty to keep the classroom clean.他们认为保持教室干净是他们的职责. 2.feel+O+Past participleHe felt himself forced to take the action.他感到自己是被迫采取这个行动.3.feel+O+Bare infinitive (不带to的动词不定式W

44、hile I was cooking something in the kitchen I felt the floor move.我在厨房煮饭的时候,感到地板在动.4.feel+O+Present participleI felt my heart beating faster when I entered the lonely house.当我走进这幢孤零零的房子时,我感到我的心跳加快.5.feel+O+AdjectiveWe feel the idea quite impractical.我们觉得这个想法很不实际.6.feel+O+NounMike felt himself a pers

45、on of importance.迈克觉得自己是一个重要人物.Make Make在SVOC中的释义是"使得某人或某物怎么样".1.make+O+AdjectiveWe must make the buying of tickets easier for our passengers.我们一定要让旅客们更容易买到机票.2.make+O+NounAll work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只用功不玩耍,弄得孩子会变傻.3.make+O+Bare innnitiveMan must make the earth support more

46、people.人类必须使地球养活更多的人.4.make+O(oneself+Past participleIf Dr.Baker is in the hall,will he please make himself known to me 如果贝克博士在场的话,请自我介绍一下好吗Exercise:Fill in the blanks with feel, find, make, leave, keep using the proper form.1. It's dangerous for you the horse running too fast.2. He it an honor

47、to be invited to the party.3. The death of the president _ the country sad.4. His English is so poor that he can't _ himself understood.5. At the time of the earthquake, you _ the ground shaking or moving.6. You'd better all the windows open.7. If the government _ _ the factory polluting the

48、 river, there would be no fish here.8. He returned home _ his father lying sick in bed.9. They _ _ him the right man for the job.10. The weather us indoors that day.五,英语中"许多"概念的表述英语中"许多"概念的表达方法很多,用起来较灵活.本文对其用法分类浅析如下.一,修饰可数名词.表示"许多"的词和词组有:many,a great/good many,a great/l

49、arge/small number of,scores of,dozens of.eg:There are many people in the park.公园里有许多人.I'm quite busy;I have a great many things to do.我非常忙,我有很多事情要做.A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.我的许多朋友都认为我应该休假. There were a large number of patients outside waiting to see the doctors.外面有很多人

50、等着看病.Up to now only a small number of schools have been built in this area.到目前为止,这个地区仅仅建了少数几个学校.She bought dozens of eggs yesterday morning.她昨天上午买了许多鸡蛋.I have heard that scores of times.那件事我已听过很多遍了.注意:1.many用作代词,表示"许多人,许多"的意思.Many of them have left for the countryside.他们中有许多人到农村去了.2.Many a

51、/an也表示"很多的,许多的"的意思,后接可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数形式.Many a young man wants to speak English.许多年轻人想说英语.3.a great/good many用作代词,表示"很多东西/人"的意思.A great many of them are out of work.他们中的很多人失业了.4.the number of.表示".的数目"'谓语动词用单数形式.The number of books missing from the school library is la

52、rge.学校图书馆丢失书的数目很大. 二,修饰不可数名词.表示"许多"的词和词组有:much,a great/good deal of,a large/small amount of."Do you have much money with you ""No,I never carry much money with me.""你身上带了很多钱吗""不,我身上从来不多带钱."There is a great deal of snow on the ground.地面上有很多雪.I have spent a good deal of time/mo