高考英语语法专题复习分类汇编-动词时态与语态-

1、2012届高考英语语法专题复习分类汇编精品讲义动词时态与语态1. In 1492, Columbus _ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island off India. (2011·湖南卷27A. landsB. landedC. has landedD. had landed【解析】选B。本题考查时态中的一般过去时,强调过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态。句意:1492年,哥伦布曾在巴哈马群岛中的一个岛屿登陆,但是他误以为是印度边缘的一个岛屿。题干给出具体的过去时间in 1492,所以排除A和D。干扰项C

2、现在完成时表示过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,此题表达的重点是哥伦布过去登陆了这个岛,并不强调对现在的影响。2. In the near future, more advances in the robot technology _ by scientists. ( 2011·湖南卷34A. are makingB. are madeC. will makeD. will be made【解析】选D。本题考查动词的时态及语态。句意:在不久的将来,科学家将会使机器人技术更加先进。主语是more advances,时间是in the near future,所以动作一定是

3、发生在将来,又因为主语被提到了前面,“进步”是被取得的,所以句子需要用被动语态。故选D。英语中,动词有十六种时态,而湖南高考要求考生掌握十种时态,它们是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时以及现在完成进行时。动词的时态考点1.一般现在时与现在进行时Planning so far ahead _ no sense so many things will have changed by next year. (2011·全国新课标卷23A. madeB. is makingC. makesD. has made【解析

4、】选C。句意:提前这么早计划没有意义,第二年这么多事情将会发生变化。此项用一般现在时表明这一客观事实。选项A一般过去时,选项B现在进行时,选项D现在完成时都与接下来的一句语境不符。一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或不依时间的变化而发生变化的动作。时刻表上安排的将要进行的事情也可用一般现在时表示。现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,或现阶段一直进行的动作。非持续性动词(如: go, come, leave, die 等的现在进行时表示将要发生的动作。温馨提示:(1在以when, until (till, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句或

5、以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句以及由no matter when, however, even if 等引导的让步状语从句中,如果主句中的动词用一般将来时,从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。(2always, often, constantly, frequently, forever等副词和现在进行时连用,表达说话人的某种感情,即“赞扬”或“厌恶”等,可译为“老是、总是”。(3某些动词的现在进行时可表示计划或安排好了的将来动作。常见的这类动词有: go, come, leave, arrive, start, take off等。考点2. 现在完成时与一般过

6、去时It is the most instructive lecture that I _ since I came to this school. (2011·湖南卷30A. attendedB. had attendedC. am attendingD. have attended 【解析】选D。句意:自从我来了这所学校以后,这是我听过的最有教育意义的一场讲座。这里考查了定语从句和时态两个知识点。因为前面的谓语动词是is,并且谈论的是从过去开始持续到现在的一段时间里发生的动作,所以用现在完成时。故选D。现在完成时强调过去发生的事情一直延续到现在的情况,或者过去发生的事情对现在的影

7、响或结果。属于现在时态的范畴。表示延续性的动作时常用“since+时间点/for+时间段”作状语;而表示非持续性的动作时常用副词already, yet, ever, just, never等作状语。一般过去时表示在过去时间里已经发生的动作,常与过去时间状语yesterday, last week, in 2003, three days ago等连用。相同点:都表示动作发生在过去。不同点:现在完成时表示与现在有关;一般过去时表示与现在无关。温馨提示:(1比较、区别have gone to(去了与have been to(去过的不同用法。(2现在完成时一般不与具体的过去时间状语或when连用。

8、(3短暂性动词的完成时一般不与段时间状语连用。(4在It / This / That is the first / second time (that 结构中,that引导的从句常用现在完成时。考点3.过去进行时与一般过去时 That must have been a long trip. Yeah, it _ u s a whole week to get there. (2011·北京卷27A. takesB. has takenC. tookD. was taking【解析】选C 。根据上句must have been可知trip发生在过去,因此第二句选用一般过去时took。句

9、意:那一定是一次长久的旅行。是啊,我们花了整整一星期才到达那儿。过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作,常与时间状语this time last year, that time, last night或由when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句等连用。温馨提示:过去进行时与副词always, constantly, continually, forever等连用时表示赞美或讨厌的感情色彩。考点4. 过去完成时与一般过去时By the time Jack returned home from England, his son _ from college.(2011

10、·辽宁卷34A. graduatedB. has graduatedC. had been graduatingD. had graduated【解析】选D。从句动作是过去时,主句动作发生在过去的过去,因此用过去完成时。过去完成时表示过去某时间或某动作之前已经发生的事情或存在的状态,即:过去的过去。持续性动词的过去式常与since+时间点、for+时间段、when/before+过去时的从句、by/before+过去时间等状语连用。温馨提示:(1动词expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、计划或打算等。(2过去完成时用

11、于某些特殊结构It / This / That was the first / second time (that+过去完成时It was+段时间+since+过去完成时no sooner than 或hardly when 的主句谓语要用过去完成时含“by+过去时间点”或“by the time+一般过去时”的句子常用过去完成时考点5.现在完成时与现在完成进行时 You look so tired, what have you been doing? We have been discussing the problem but we _ a conclusion yet.A. haven&

12、#39;t drawnB. have been drawingC. didn't drawD. weren't drawing【解析】选A。根据前后语境可知,到目前为止我们还没有达成结论,尽管我们到现在为止一直在讨论问题。yet一般与完成时连用。现在完成进行时由“have/has + been+现在分词”构成,表示从过去某个时候开始一直延续到现在的动作;现在完成时表示动作已完成。考点6.一般将来时与将来进行时 I hear you _ in a pub. What's it like? Well, it's very hard work and I'm

13、always tired, but I don't mind. (2011·江苏卷21A. are workingB. will workC. were workingD. will be working【解析】选A。句意:我听说你在一个酒吧干活。工作怎样?哦,工作很艰难,我总是累的,但我不介意。此句用进行时表明一段时间在进行的动作。如果选用将来时或将来进行时的话,那么就不会出现下一个对话情景。选C过去进行时,与下句太不符合。一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,或在现在看来即将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与时间状语tomorrow, next week, in

14、 a few days等连用。将来进行时表示将来某时间正在发生的动作,或将来某时间可能会发生的事情。一般将来时强调打算、计划、安排,而将来进行时强调客观的可能性或主观的决心、意志。温馨提示:will / shall与be going to的区别:be going to可用于条件状语从句表示将来,而shall / will一般不可。迹象表明要发生某事,只用be going to。若强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的,用be going to;说话时的临时决定,则用will / shall。动词的语态考点1.两种特殊的被动语态1. 双宾语动词的被动语态She was _ the bike for 25

15、 dollars,but she wouldn't take it.A. providedB. suppliedC. offeredD. gave【解析】选C。offer 作“出价,开价”讲,常有offer sb. money for sth.和offer sb. sth. for money两种搭配。此处是将后者用于被动语态中。英语中有些动词可以有两个宾语,如:give, buy, bring, show, pass, offer, lend, leave, tell, write, sing, teach等,这些动词用于被动结构时,可以将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,而另一个宾语仍保留

16、在谓语后面。如:He bought me many books. I was bought many books. 或Many books were bought for me.2. 短语动词的被动语态 Why doe s Lingling look so u nhappy? She _ by her classmates.A. has laughedB. has laughed atC. has been laughedD. has been laughed at【解析】选D。由by短语可知该用被动语态,即可排除A、B。laugh是不及物动词,没有被动语态,而laugh at才是及物动词短语

17、,可用被动语态。短语动词是由“动词+介词”,“动词+名词+介词”等结构构成的动词短语,在被动语态结构中,不能漏掉其后的介词。在“动词+名词+介词”这类动词短语的被动结构,“名词+be+动词过去分词+介词”也是高考热点。如:take care ofcare be taken of; make good use ofgood use be made of; take advantage ofadvantage be taken of。考点2.主动表被动的若干情形 Shall we go fishing tomorrow? Sounds great, but with so much homewor

18、k _,I really can't afford the time.A. doneB. to doC. being doneD. doing【解析】选B。“with+宾语+不定式”结构中的不定式表示将来,且常用主动表被动。1. 系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等要用主动表被动。2. 英语中有些动词如:open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等,当主语是物,且又表示主语的特征和状态时,要用主动形式表被动含义。3. 不定式to bl

19、ame用作表语,通常用主动表被动。4. “主语+be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。这类形容词常见的有:convenient, comfortable, dangerous, difficult, hard, easy, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant等。5. 不定式用于某些动词(如:have, get, want, need等的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。温馨提示:若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语

20、,则应用被动式。6. 在“with+宾语+不定式”结构中,不定式表示将来的动作,且其逻辑主语是句子的主语,该不定式常用主动表被动。7. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。温馨提示:be worthy却不一样,其后常接不定式的被动式或of+动名词的被动式。8. 表示“需要”的动词need, want, require或动词deserve(“应受,应得,值得”后的动名词用主动式表被动意义。但这些动词后的动名词若改为不定式则要用被动式表被动。考点3.不及物动词和有些及物动词(短语无被动语态Great changes _ in the c ity and a lot of factories

21、_.A. have been taken place; have been set upB. have taken place; have been set upC. are taken place; are set upD. were taken place; were set up【解析】选B。take place 为不及物动词短语,一般不用被动语态,即可排除A、C、D。常见的没有被动语态的动词(短语有:occur, take place, happen, break out, belong to, appear, disappear, cost, last, agree with等。考点

22、4. 作状语的动词被动语态If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _ by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011·浙江卷19A. being cheeredB. be cheeredC. to be cheeredD. were cheered【解析】选C。考查非谓语动词,因此首先排除B和D(前面已经有are going to tour,又没有连词,不可能出现两个独立谓语。A和C都表示被动,区别在于being done表示正在被发生的动作,而

23、动词不定式to be done表示具体、一次性、将要被发生的动作。句意:如果他们今晚赢得了决赛,整队将在热情的粉丝欢呼下周游这个城市。这里用to b e done 表示伴随。考点5. 作后置定语的动词被动语态The Town Hall _ in the 1800's was the most distinguished building at that time.A. completingB. completedC. having been completedD. to have been completed【解析】选B。completed作后置定语修饰the Town Hall, 表

24、被动完成。相当于定语从句which/ that was completed。选C错误,因为现在分词完成时不能作限定性后置定语。考点6. “get/become及其他系动词+过去分词”表示被动,构成系表结构They got _ after returning from the big par ty last week.A. separateB. separatingC. separatedD. to separate【解析】选C。get +过去分词为固定系表结构。get separated (分离。类似结构还有get dressed“穿着”,get married“结婚”,get changed “换衣服”等等。考点7.形式被动意义表主动的短语一般都由“be +v.-ed+介词或少量的不定式”组成,如be faced with(面临,be determined to do(下决心干,be caught in(遇上, be devoted to (致力于, be known for(因出名,be lost in(陷于,埋头于 等等。在句中作状语时只需去掉be。_ to achieve high grades in the final examination, he tried to s