英语科技词汇的形成与构词原理

1、UNIT 2英语科技词汇的形成与构词原理（二）教学目标熟悉英语科技词汇的基本构词原理英语科技词汇形成的三种基本方式1. 1. 借用借用 - - borrowingborrowingA. 语际借用语际借用B. B. 语内借用语内借用2. 2. 构词法生成构词法生成 - - morphologymorphologyA. A. 缀合法缀合法 derivation derivation （affixationaffixation）a. a. 前缀法前缀法 prefixionprefixionb. b. 后缀法后缀法 suffixationsuffixationB. B. 其他构词法其他构词法 - ot

2、her means- other meansa. a. 词性转换法词性转换法b. b. 复合法复合法c. c. 缩合法缩合法d. d. 首字母缩略法首字母缩略法3. 3. 专有名词命名法专有名词命名法 - nomenclaturenomenclature英语科技词汇形成的三种基本方式1. 1. 借用借用 - - borrowingborrowingA. 语际借用语际借用 interlinguallyinterlinguallyB. B. 语内借用语内借用 intralinguallyintralingually英语科技词汇形成的三种基本方式2. 2. 构词法生成构词法生成 - - morpho

3、logymorphologyA. A. 缀合法缀合法 affixationaffixationa. a. 前缀法前缀法 prefixionprefixionb. b. 后缀法后缀法 suffixationsuffixationB. B. 其他构词法其他构词法 - other means- other meansa. a. 词性转换法词性转换法b. b. 复合法复合法c. c. 缩合法缩合法d. d. 首字母缩略法首字母缩略法其他构词法词性转换法 Conversion Tracking down cyber criminals who steal credit card numbers, tra

4、nsfer money from other people s accounts, or e-mail viruses around the world takes a knowledge of the technology used to commit the crimes. 要追查出那些窃取信用卡号码，将钱从别人的账上转要追查出那些窃取信用卡号码，将钱从别人的账上转出，或者出，或者用电子邮件到处传播用电子邮件到处传播病毒的网病毒的网上罪犯，就需要了解实施这些罪行所需要的技术手段。上罪犯，就需要了解实施这些罪行所需要的技术手段。词性转换法 Conversion Not everyone un

5、derstands how wine is made. It is an exacting process. The grapes must be gathered, pressed, and fermented. Then the wine must be bottled and aged. 并非每个人都知道葡萄酒是如何酿造的。这是一个很并非每个人都知道葡萄酒是如何酿造的。这是一个很严格的生产过程严格的生产过程：必须对葡萄进行采集、榨汁和发酵，必须对葡萄进行采集、榨汁和发酵，然后须将葡萄酒然后须将葡萄酒装瓶存放，使其成为陈酿装瓶存放，使其成为陈酿。Nominalization To turn

6、 verbs into nouns with actions involved. To change verbal phrases or sentences into noun phrases. Nominalization Air moves the motion of air To apply force the application of force analytical chemists develop the equipment the development of the equipment by analytical chemicals Nominalization(1)阿基米

7、德最先发现固体排水的原理Archimedes first discovered the principle that water is displaced by solid bodies.Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. (The original appositive clause is simplified and the fact “displacement” is emphasized)Nominalization(2)地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化The

8、earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day to night.The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. (The idea to be conveyed is much clearer.)Nominalization (1) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已被用来探索宇宙。(2) The

9、addition of 2 percent sodium carbonate to boiling water increases the bactericide effect.在沸水中加入2%的碳酸钠会增加杀菌效果。(3) The testing of machines by this method entails some loss of power. 用这种方法实验机器会损失一些功率。Nominalization (4) Failure to fix these symbols in mind keeps students from mastering the mathematical

10、subjects they take up.由于未能记住这些符号,使得许多学生无法掌握他们选修的教学课程。(5) This higher cost is not entirely due to the shape of the part, or the use of a more expensive metal.成本较高不完全是由于部件的形状,也不是由于使用的金属比较昂贵。NominalizationDespite all the improvements, rubber still has a number of limitations. 尽管改进改进了很多，但合成橡胶仍有一些缺陷。High

11、 precision implies a high degree of exactness but with no implication as to accuracy. 高精度意味着高度的精确度，但并不表明表明具有准确性。NominalizationAll these factors play a key role in formulation of the model. 在拟定拟定模型时，所有这些因素都将起到关键性的作用。The first step in the solution of any dynamical problem is the selection of an approp

12、riate coordinate system. 在解任何一个动力学运算题时要做的第一步就是选择一个合适的坐标。NominalizationA chicken is a suitable specimen for the study of the general external features of a bird. 鸡是研究研究禽类外部特征的合适范例。The flow of electrons is from the negative zinc plate to the positive copper plate. 电子从负的锌极流向流向正的铜极。 复合法 CompoundingCompo

13、unding or compositionThe process by which two independent words are put together to make a new word.Laserbomb 激光炸弹Fallout放射性尘埃 Splashdown溅落Waterlock水闸Thunderstorm雷暴Moonwalk月面行走Ground zero 地面零点位置Cruise missile 巡航导弹Compounding or compositionBlack hole 黑洞Fox-bat 狐幅式战斗机(米格-25)Lunar module 登月舱Biological

14、clock 生物钟Salt-former卤素dew-point露点Heatwave热浪 hot-press热压pulse-scaler脉冲缩合法 BlendingBlendingAdvertistics (advertising+statistics)广告统计学Altiport (altitude+airport)高山短距离起落机场Lunacast (lunar+telecast)登月电视广播Smog (smoke+fog)烟雾Chunnel (channel+tunnel)海峡隧道Comsat (communications+satellite) 通信卫星Ballute (balloon+p

15、arachute) 减速气球Comint (communications+intelligence)通信情报Humint (human+intelligence)间谍情报Amerind (American+Indian)美洲印第安人Telediagnosis (television+diagnosis)远程诊断Carbecue (car+barbeque)热压熔化废旧汽车的装置BlendingHumint (human+intelligence)间谍情报Amerind (American+Indian)美洲印第安人Telediagnosis (television+diagnosis)远程诊断

16、Carbecue (car+barbeque)热压熔化废旧汽车的装置Biorhythm（biological+rhythm）生理节奏Mechnochenistry（michanical+chimistry）机械化学Telex（teleprinter+exchange）电传Medicare（medical+care）医疗保健Escalift（escalator+lift）自动电梯首字母缩略法 Acronym首字母缩略法 AcronymDNA deoxyribonucleic acidGDP gross domestic productCPU Central processing unitCBD

17、Central Business District CBD Cash Before DeliveryAcronymLaser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)激光ADP (automatic data processing)自动数据处理DC (direct current)直流电IC (integrated circuit)集成电路AC (alternating current)交流电KWIC (key-word-in-context）关键字在文内KWOC (key-word-out-of-context)关键字

18、在文首专有名词命名法NOMENCLATURE英语科技词汇形成的三种基本方式1. 1. 借用借用 - - borrowingborrowingA. 语际借用语际借用B. B. 语内借用语内借用2. 2. 构词法生成构词法生成 - - morphologymorphologyA. A. 缀合法缀合法 derivation derivation （affixationaffixation）a. a. 前缀法前缀法 prefixionprefixionb. b. 后缀法后缀法 suffixationsuffixationB. B. 其他构词法其他构词法 - other means- other meansa. a. 词性转换法词性转换法b. b. 复合法复合法c. c. 缩合法缩合法d. d. 首字母缩略法首字母缩略法3. 3. 专有名词命名法专有名词命名法 -