上海财大ACCA F1讲义1（课堂PPT）

1、.1Part AThe business organisation, its stakeholders and the external environment.2Chapter 1Business organizations and their stakeholders.31 Types of organisation 1.1 What all organisations have in common An organisation is : a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own

2、 performance and which has a boundary separating it from its environment.4 1.2 Why do organisations exist? Organisations can achieve results which individuals can not achieve by themselves. (a) Oraganisations overcome peoples individual limitations, whether physical or intellectural. (b) Organisatio

3、ns enable people to specialise in what they do best. (c) Organisations save time. (d) Organisations accumulate and share knowledge. (e) Organisations enable synerge. In brief, organisations enable people to be more productive.5 1.3 How organisations differ Ownership (Public vs Private) Owned by the

4、government (public sector organisations) Owned by private owners or shareholders (private sector organisations) Control Controlled by the owners themselves Controlled by people working on their behalf Indirectly controlled by government-sponsored regulators.6 Activity Profit or non-profit orientatio

5、n Legal status Limited companies Partnerships Size.7 Sources of finance Borrowing from banks Government funding Issuing shares Technology Varying degrees of technology use.8 1.4 What the organisation does Organisations do many different types of work.92 Types of business organisation 2.1 Profit vs n

6、on-profit orientation Profit orientation Maximise profit (to owners) Non profit orientation Provision of goods / services (to public / beneficiaries).10 2.2 Private vs public sector Private sector Organisations not owned or run by central or local government, or government agencies. Public sector Or

7、ganisation owned or run by central or local government agencies.11 2.3 Private sector businesses A business organisation exists to make a profit. Costs should be less than the revenues. Profits are not incidental to its activities but the driving factor.12 2.3.1 Legal status Someone setting up a bus

8、iness can choose to go into business alone, take on one or more partners who also share the profits of the business, or set up a limited company.13 2.3.2 Limited companies A limited company has a separate legal personality from its owners (shareholders). The shareholders risk is generally restricted

9、 to the amount that they have invested in the company when buying the shares. Limited liability.14 The ownership and control of a limited company are legally separate. Shareholders are the owners but have limited rights, as shareholders, over the day to day running of the company.15 Directors are ap

10、pointed by shareholders to run the company. Board of directors controls management and staff, and is accountable to the shareholders Executive directors participate in the daily operation of the organisation. Non-executive directors are invited to join in an advisory capacity, usually to bring their

11、 particular skills or experience to the discussions of the board to exercise some overall guidance.16 Operational management usually consists of career managers who are recruited to operate the business, and are accountable to the board.17 2.3.3 Types of limited company Private limited companies (eg

12、 X Limited) Public limited companies (eg X plc) They differ as follows: (a) Number of shareholders (b) Transferability of shares (c) Directors as shareholders (d) Source of capital A private companys share capital will normally be provided from three sources: the founder or promoter; business associ

13、ates of the founder or employer; venture capitalists A public companys share capital can be raised from the public directly, or through institutional investors, using recognised markets, .18 2.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages of limited companies Advantages More money Reduces risk for investors Sepa

14、rate legal personality Ownership is legally separate from control No restrictions on size Flexibility Disadvantages Legal compliance costs Shareholders have little practical power.19 2.4 The public sector The public sector comprises all organisations owned and run by the government and local governm

15、ent.20 2.4.1 Key characteristics of the public sector (a) Accountability, ultimately, to Parliament. (b) Funding Raising taxes Making charges Borrowing (c) Demand for services: limitless (d) Limited resources.21 2.4.2 Advantages (a) Fairness (b) Filling the gaps left by the private sector (c) Public

16、 interest (d) Economies of scale (e) Cheaper finance (f) Efficiency.22 2.4.3 Disadvantages (a) Accountability Inefficiency may be ignored (b) Interference Politicians may not be familiar with the operation of a business and yet political pressures and indecision may influence adversely the decision

17、making process. (c) Cost The public will demand as perfect a service as possible but will not wish to bear the cost involved.23 2.5 Non-governmental organisations A non-governmental organisation (NGO) is an independent voluntary association of people acting together for some common purpose (other th

18、an achieving government office or making money). Aimed at promoting social, political or environmental change.24 Some organisational features of NGOs Staffing by volunteers as well as full time employees Finance from grants or contracts Skills in advertising and media relations Some kind of national

19、 headquarters Planning and budgeting expertise.25 2.6 Co-operative societies and mutual associations Co-operatives are businesses owned by their workers or customers, who share the profits. Open membership Democratic control (one member, one vote) Distribution of the surplus in proportion to purchas

20、es Promotion of education Mutual associations are similar to co-operative societies in that they are owned by their members rather than by outside investors.26Questions A limited company has a separate legal identity from its owners. True or false. A True B False Answer: A .27 Which of the following

21、 provides an example of a boundary separating an organisation from its environment? A A divisional structure B Systems and procedures C Factory gates D Recruitment policy Answer: C.28 Primary and secondary goals are equally important in an organisation. Is this statement true or false? A True B Fals

22、e Answer: B.29 Which of the following best describes the public sector? A Companies where profits are the driving factor B Companies which are owned by a wide proportion of the investing public C All those organisations owned and run by the government and local government D Businesses owned by their

23、 workers or customers, who share the profits Answer: C.303 Stakeholder goals and objectives Stakeholders are those individuals or groups that, potentially, have an interest in what the organisation does. Objectives must consider stakeholders. Johnson and Scholes identified three types of stakeholder

24、: I C E.31 3.1 Internal stakeholders: employees and management Employees Managers 3.2 Connected stakeholders Shareholders (corporate strategy) Bankers (cash flows) Suppliers (purchase strategy) Customers (product market strategy) 3.3 External stakeholders Government Interest / pressure groups Profes

25、sional bodies.32 3.4 Another approach Primary stakeholders: have a contractual relationship with the organisation. Includes internal and connected stakeholders. Secondary stakeholders. Equates to external stakeholders. 3.5 Stakeholder conflict Between managers and shareholders.333.6 Stakeholder mapp

26、ing: power and interestMendelows Matrix .34The matrix outlines how to approach each stakeholder Stakeholder mapping is used to assess the significance of stakeholder groups. Segment D: strategy must be acceptable key players Segment C: keep satisfied Segment B: keep informed Segment A: minimal effor

27、t Stakeholders may move from quadrant to quadrant.35 3.7 The strategic value of stakeholders The firm can make strategic gains from managing stakeholder relationships. 3.8 Measuring stakeholder satisfaction Qualitative Quantitative.36Questions Which of the following is not a connected stakeholder? A Customer B Employee C Landlord (Les