美国文学史总结（课堂PPT）

1、.1美国文学史总结美国文学史总结.2Part The Literature of Colonial Part The Literature of Colonial AmericaAmerica殖民主义时期的文学殖民主义时期的文学.3 u17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。u17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusett

2、s(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史u美国最早殖民者included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。u美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.u第

3、一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。.4清教徒（清教徒（PuritanPuritan）u就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked up

4、on themselves as a chosen people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing Gods Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private mora

5、lity as well as public behavior霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“stern and black-browed Puritans”.5The first American writerThe first American writeruCaptain John Smithu他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品uin the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature writte

6、n in English.u他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,u吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.6William BradfordWilliam BradforduWilliam Bradford:普利茅斯开发历史u“The History of Plymouth Plantation”u文章从1630年开始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from E

7、ngland to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.u文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.u1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”.7John WinthropJohn WinthropuJohn Winthrop:新英格兰历史“Th

8、e History of New England”.u1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts并开始写日记keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.u他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品 the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vig

9、orous prose style, each account literary excellence.8John CottonJohn CottonuJohn Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England. u1633年到Boston开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为 uhe was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of th

10、eocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. u听众对他深信不疑。他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.9Roger WilliamsRoger WilliamsuBegins the history of religious toleration in Americau对不同意见者并不赞同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍，他认为行为上的德

11、，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. .10Anne Bradstreet Anne Brads

12、treet uAnne Dudley Bradstreet是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一one of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。u她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方法)即在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”.诗歌中传奇故事

13、有点言过其实，但对日常琐事叙述相当高超poetic ventures were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life.11Edward TaylorEdward Tayloru清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets u他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seve

14、nteenth century。u他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of Taylors work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.12Part The Literature of Reason And RevolutionPart The Literature of Reason And Revolution 理性和革命时期文学理性和革命时期文学.13Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklinu1732-1758出版穷人

15、理查德的年鉴“Poor Richards Almanac” collocation of proverbs.u建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing

16、 “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.u其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.u他最好作品收录在自传“Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”u“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它

17、任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other mans on this young nation.u教材作品自传”The Autobiography” .14Thomas Paine Thomas Paine u被称为“人类最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美国著名政治小册子作家pamphleteer.u1776-1783美国危机“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets.第一篇于1776年黑色12月出版，这些

18、册子在部队中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强胜利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizens army。 最后一篇1783年12月9日出版。u(1791-1792)人权“Rights of Man”。拥护卢梭自由理念，号召推翻英国君主制not only championed Rousseaus doctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the Britis

19、h monarchy.u理性的时代“The Age of Reason”1794-1795，这部自然神论的作品主张宗教观念的理性：a deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion. 他最后一部作品1797土地公平“Agrarian Justice”.u教材作品：美国危机：“The American Crisis”.15Thomas JeffersonThomas Jeffersonu美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countrym

20、an more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment,对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics.u尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作为人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不

21、看重世俗中特权a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一个必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋福利，而不是压榨与剥削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出版、信仰、教育和创业等自由.government, a necessary evil, found sanction on

22、ly in the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise.u1776年同约翰亚当斯、本杰明富兰克林、罗杰谢尔曼、罗伯特R利文斯顿一起起草独立宣言with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger

23、Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.16Philip FreneauPhilip Freneauu革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类he was neoclassical by train

24、ing and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.u1770年第1部作品想象的力量（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British.u1776年出

25、版夜屋（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood. FL帕蒂称它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美”“the first distinctly romantic note heard in America” and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz”。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这种风格blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner.u1781写下名诗英

26、国囚船(The British Prison Ship)一首抨击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍a good piece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.17u1788 年出板札记“Miscellaneous Works”. 1791 年创办国家公报对抗联邦公报with Jeffersons support “National Gazet

27、te” campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States” edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton).u他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary indep

28、endence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.u 野忍冬花： “The Wild Honey Suckle”u 印第安人的坟地： “The Indian Burying Ground”u 致凯提迪德： “To a Caty-Did”.18Part The Literature of RomanticismPart

29、The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学.19Pre-RpmanticPre-RpmanticuEnvironmentuThemesuFeatures uRepresentatives.20EnvironmentEnvironmentuIdeal of democracy and equalityuIndustrializationuWestward movementuForeign influences.21ThemesThemesuWestward movement-cooper and WhitmanuIndustrialization-Thor

30、eauuNationalism-EmersonuIndependence-Emerson.22Washington IrvingWashington Irvingu他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.u1819-1820他第一部见闻札记是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern

31、 short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣 his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.23James Fenimore Coo

32、perJames Fenimore Cooperu美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.u1821年他第二部小说间谍获得极大的成功，是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，事件发生在美国独立战争期间“The Spy” was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.u库珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，即边

33、疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说 Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. 1824年领航者最为成功“The Pilot” the best of his many sea romances. 1839年他写过第一部美国式正官方历史美国海军 he wrote the first official history of the U.S. Navy.u库珀边疆小说皮袜子故事集由5部小说共同组成，历时18年，1823-1841，即杀鹿者、最后的莫

34、希干人、探路人、拓荒者及大草原。阿伦内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: “The Deerslayer”; The Last of the Mohicans”, “The Pathfinder”, “The Pioneers”, “The Prairie”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic”.通

35、过这些人物的描写，作者记录了当时美国人思想意识，还使欧洲人意识到美国with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American.u教材作品：最后的莫希干人：“The Last of the Mohicans”.24Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emersonu他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超

36、验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement 爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强 he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid o

37、f changing or clashing ideas.u1836 年出版了第一本书论自然“Nature”, 真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，一个是美国学者，还有一个是神学院致辞“The American Scholar” and “The Divinity School Address”. 他的许多演讲后收录在他的随笔集中，演讲中最重要的著作是他1850年的代表和1856年英国人。1847年他的诗集问世. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”. Among his most impor

38、tant works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems” appeared in 1847.25u人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味in his day, Emersons poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has received high praise.

39、 His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.u他的散文同他的诗歌一样极富个性，他的许多随笔是由日记中的一些词条，演讲中的内容，笔记里的东西等整理出来的，这些作品往往缺乏比较好的组织结构；然而他构句的水平却相当高超，一些经过推敲后的句子不仅思想深刻，而且让人难以忘怀his prose style is sometimes as highly individual as his poetry. Many of his essays were put togethe

40、r from his journal entries, speeches, and random notes, and they are often somewhat disorganized. Yet his skill in polishing each sentence into a striking thought makes his writing memorable.u美国学者被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言” “our intellectual Declaration of Independence”u教材作品：论自然：“Nature”;u 论自助：“Self-Reliance”.

41、26Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorneu七尖角阁的房子讲述的是作者自己家族的一段历史“ The House of the Seven Gables” deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the authors family history.u他是通过观察和聆听别人谈话来获得创作素材的，听人家讲的一些新英格兰口头故事、民间传说及各种鬼怪趣事Hawthorne gathered

42、his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and superstition.u海关大楼“ The Custom House”; u1852年的福谷浪漫史“The Blithedale Romance”; u1846年他完成了宏篇巨著古厦青苔splendid stories called “Mosses from an Old Manse”u1860年创作出宝石神像“The Marble Faun”.u霍桑独特的才能主要表现在他能够通

43、过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质，最好的例证便是波士顿清教徒引以自娱的红字，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每一个事件都能够达到了一个特定的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事，罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事.27uHawthornes unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of mans moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “Th

44、e Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them.u在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that

45、 embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories。霍桑的杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他在书中所讲的正义标准成为了当时人们的道德参考it was Hawthornes ability to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol. 霍桑同埃德加阿伦坡并称为美国短篇小说现代艺术大师，他们都创作了独一无二的小说形式样Hawthorne shares with E

46、dgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American。霍桑同麦尔维尔一样都采用了讲故事的手法来探讨生活的意义 to Hawthorne and Melville, hower, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life.u他的作品还有：伊桑布兰德、小伙子布朗、海德格博士的体验、野心勃勃的客人、巨石脸

47、。“Ethan Brand”; “Young Goodman Brown”; “Dr. Heideggers Experiment”; “The Ambitious Guest”; “The Great Stone Face”.u教材作品：红字：“The Scarlet Letter”.28Part The Literature Of RealismPart The Literature Of Realism现实主现实主义文学义文学.29BackgroundBackgroundu美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡

48、的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.u现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。Realism had originated in France as realisme, a li

49、terary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么

50、奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that American was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its lit

51、erature.30Walt WhitmanWalt Whitmanu美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的草叶集中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真正的史诗one of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass” he gave America its first genuine epic poem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声the poet

52、ic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse.u1855年出版草叶集第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人，社会下层的

53、不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” are about man and nature. However, a small number of very good poems deal with New York, the city that fascinated Whitman, and with the Civil War. In his poetry, Whitman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged indiv

54、idual. 他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众in his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.u教材作品：自己之歌：”Song of

55、Myself”u我坐在这儿眺望着：”I Sit and Look Out”u敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！：”Drum-Taps Beat! Beat! Drums”.31Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinsonu她的诗歌古怪、简洁，她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠，她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理，并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌she wrote her whimsical, darting verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a democratic or popular

56、poet. Her work illustrated the fact that one could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of it.u她同姐姐终身未嫁一直住在一起，1862年以后，她过上了完全与世隔绝的生活，从此再也没有离开过自己的家乡，也没有同朋友聚会，狄金森与世隔绝可能是受到一桩不满爱情的影响，但主要可能还是源于她自己独特的个性，源于她自己要同世人隔绝的愿望，她诗歌并没有受到生活局限，相反她诗歌却极富创造性和想象力she and her sister re

57、mained at home and did not marry. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeing even close friends. Her later retirement from the world, though perhaps affected by an unhappy love affair, seems mainly to have resulted from her own personality, from a desire to separate hers

58、elf from the world. The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experiences but the power of her creativity and imagination.u她在世时，发表了仅七首诗，爱米丽并没有按当时的标准来修改自己的作品，也无意去出版这些作品Emily, however, refused to revise her poems to fit the standards of others and took no interest in having them published; in f

59、act she had only seven poems published during her lifetime.u她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，狄金森在她小小抒情诗歌中却对生活中的大部分重大事件进行了探讨Emily Dickinsons poetry comes out in bursts. The poems are short, many of them being based on a single image or symbol. But within her little lyrics Miss Dickinson writes about

60、 some of the most important things in life.32Mark Twain Mark Twain u原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔朗赫恩克莱门斯。1847年父亲去世后开始到一家出版社当学徒工，从1853年开始全国旅行，期间做过印刷排字临时工，结识了船长霍勒斯比克斯比，从那以后便开始水上生活his formal education ended soon after his fathers death in 1847, when he became a printers apprentice. From 1853, he trave