(完整word版)跨文化交际复习题及答案

1、判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。然而，作为一门学科，它的历史 只有大约五十年。F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a

2、static entity 静态的 实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given约定的 特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitati

3、ons (over-generalization),it still contributes to a person s culturalcognition. 认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one' s individual character from cultural generalization.文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than lingui

4、stic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals. 文化错误比语言错误更严重。语言错误意味着有人不能充分表达自己的想法，而文化上的错误会导致严重的误解，甚至个人之间的不适感F 8 All people of the same nationality w

5、ill have the same culture. 所有同一民族的人都会有相同的文化T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same.虽然两国文化有着相同的想法，但它们的意义和意义可能不一样F 10 One s actions are totally independe nt of his or her culture. 个人的行为完全独立于他或她的文化II Comprehension CheckT 1、 All cultures req

6、uire and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly.所有的文化都需要和价值的礼貌，但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同T_2、 Don t take offence-getting the form of a ddress ” wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. 不要拿“错误”的形 式来攻击，这是很难得的进攻T_3、 Addressing forms like “ Miss Mary ” , ” Brown” by t

7、he Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise.解决形式如“玛丽小姐”，“棕色”由中国可能是一种文化妥协的形式。T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles. 上校，上校，上校，可以用作头衔F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means. 西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段。F6.We can address Jason Douglas, wh

8、o is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas. 我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯，他是个律师， 律师道格拉斯。F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated. 中国人对西方人的热情好客是非常赞赏 的。F_8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners. 西方人对中国人的关注往往受到西方人的赞赏。F_9. ” Thank you for coming! is a” typic

9、al expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 谢谢你的到来！“当客人刚到的时候，这是西方主人使用的一种典型的表达形式。T_10. ” I m sorry to have wasted your time ” or “ I m sorry to have taken up so much of your time” are us1/ 9for the business visit. 我很抱歉浪费了你的时间”或者“我很抱歉占用了你这么多时间”，通常都是适合商务拜访的。III Comprehension Check

10、T 1.sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments.有时，中国人表现出谦虚的方式可以被视为对赞美的赞美T2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same. 汉语和英语的社会功能大致相同。T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people fee

11、l comfortable.在非正式场合，大量的赞美是让人感到舒服的F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures. 文化的假设是文化的相同的。T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs andverbs are often used in Chinese. 形容词和动词常被用来传递英语中的恭维话，而形容词、副词和动词常被用在汉语里

12、。F 6. English compliments often begin with the word“ you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word英语的赞美常以“你”一词开头，而中国人的赞美常以“我”一词开头F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. 在日常生活中，中国人比美国人更为赞 美。F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing in their compliments respons

13、es. 美国人往往自谦在称赞别人的反应。F 9. Compliments on other s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture. 对他人财物的赞美有时是美国文化中的一种间接的方式T 10. If a guest compliments something in another person s home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably givethat thing to the guest. 如果一个客人在别人家里赞美别人的话，中

14、国主人或女主人很可能会把这件事告诉客人。IV Comprehension CheckF 1Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication. 言语交际比非语言交际更为重要F 2"Dragon" means the same to the Westerner as"龙"to the Chiheie旨同为西方人的“龙”到中国。F 3The Chinese phrase"知识分子"has the same meaning as"intelleCt

15、ua知识分子”具有相同的含义是“知识T 4A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language. 在一种语言中的一个术语在另一种语言中可能没有对等词F 5 In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use “公” or whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English languag

16、e. 在谈到动物和鸟类，中国的做法是通常，但不总是，用“公”或“母”来表明该生物是否是男性或女性。这与英语是一样的。T 6 The following six English word:“ vice ” , “ associate ” , “ assistant ” , “ deputy ” , “ lieutenant ” and“副” in Chinese language以下六个英文单词：“副”、“联想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在汉语中F 7 There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between Engl

17、ish proverbs and Chinese proverbs. 有许多相似之处，英语谚语和汉语谚语的异同。T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo, 违反文化禁忌的是严重违背了言语禁忌T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture. 思维方式随文化而变化。T10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominant

18、ly factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately intuitive-affective.在每一个特定的思维*II式主导文化的T10,例如美国文化主要是事实的归纳，俄罗斯文化主要是公理化演绎，和阿拉伯文化以直观的情感。V Comprehension CheckT1 Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others. 说只是一种交流方式。还有许

19、多人F2 Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means. 一些研究者断言，在面对面的交流中，约有70%的信息是通过说话，而超过30%则是通过非语言方式发送的T3 Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers.环境是非

20、语言交际的五个研究领域之一T4 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness. 我们大部分的非语言行为，如文化，往往难以实现，自发的，往往超越我们的认识F 5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures. 拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯和大多数 亚洲文化是单一的文化。T6 Arab belongs to tough

21、 cultures. 阿拉伯属于艰难的文化T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience.在一些文化中，为了表示尊重或服从，应该避免使用目光接触T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures. 身体接触的适宜性因不同的文化而不同F9 Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small ch

22、ildren. 西方妇女通常喜欢中国人接触他们 的身体或小孩。F10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them. 座位安排体现文化。中国人倾向于和他们说话，而不是坐在他们旁边的人VI Comprehension CheckF1.Gender is the cultural meaning of性别是“性”的文化内涵“ sex” .F2.Sex and gend

23、er are synonymous. 同义的性别和性别是同义词T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both. 一位女士可能是女性，男性或两者的结合T4.Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure. 女性一般舒适与建筑密切关系和信任别人，而大多数人都保留对参与

24、 和披露。F5.Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people. 大多数人用沟通来建立联系或 平等的人F6.Women usually use communication to establish status and power. 女性通常使用沟通来确立地位和权力T7.In feminine culture, communication is a way probably the primary way to express and expand closeness. 在 女性文化中，传播是

25、表达和扩大亲密关系的主要途径。T8.Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness.男性社会化强调做事情，把行动视为创造和表达亲密的主要方式。T9.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.有效的跨性别传播的第一个和最后一个主要是中止判断。T10.It is difficult

26、 but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication.这是困难的，但可能寻求翻译线索，将有利于我们的沟通。T1.The most common problems in cross-cultural negotiations concern (1) rules for conducting business, (2) the selection of negotiators, and (3) methods of decision-making. 最常见的问题，在跨文化谈判的关注(1)的规则，进

27、行业务，( 2)的选择，谈判，和(3)决策方法。T2.The Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while theAmericans do notthink so. 日本人认为，社交是谈判过程中不可或缺的一部分，而美国人却不这么认为F3.American negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social and professional status.美国谈判团队成员通常在他们的社会和

28、职业地位的基础上F4.Like Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process inthe Middle East, Mexico and France. 与日本和中国的谈判人员一样，在中东、墨西哥和法国的谈判进程中，有一 个详细的书面协议是不一样的。T5.The British employ a negotiating style similar to that of Americans, but more silence is u

29、tilized and they are less egalitarian. 英国人采用了类似于美国人的谈判风格，但更多的是利用沉默，他们也不太平等。T6.Germans prefer clear, firm, and assertire expression while the Japanese encourage convert, fragmented expression. 德国人喜欢明确的，坚定的，和assertire 表达而日本鼓励转换、碎片化的表达T7.Mexican negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis

30、is placed on contemplation and intuition.墨西哥谈判者更喜欢演绎的方法。更强调的是沉思和直觉。F8.The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider this insulting and embarrassing. 在正式谈判中，巴西人不会公开地不同意，他们会考虑这种侮辱和尴尬。T9.Creating a comfortable climate and spending time on the exploratory phase of

31、 negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil. 创造一个舒适的气候和花费时间在谈判的探索阶段是至关重要的中东和巴西。F10.Women are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation team. 女性经常参加一个日本谈判小组。名词解释1 economic globalization（ 经济全球化）： the integration of national economies into the international economy throughtrade, foreign d

32、irect investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2 barter system（ 物物交换）： exchange without money一 Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the mediumof money.- Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3

33、global village（ 地球村） ： the world form one community一 All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4 melting pot（ 大熔炉） ： a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5 culture（ 文化） ：

34、 can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.6 cultural diversity（ 文化融合）： refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mixof cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.7 . Communication（ 交际

35、） : mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.8 intercultural communication（ 跨文化交际）： communication between people whose cultural backgrounds anddistinct（ 不同） enough to alter （改变）their communicaion 。1 Pragmatics （语用学）: the stu

36、dy of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.2 Semantics （语义学）： a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.3 Denotation （引申含义）： the literal meaning or definition of a word - the explicit, particular, defined meaning.1 Chronemics （时间学）：

37、The study of how people perceive and use time.（1） Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.（2）Polychronic Time （多元时间观念）: being involved with many things at once.2 Proxemics （空间学）： Refers to the perception and use of space.3 Kinetics （身势学）:the study of body language. 身

38、势学4 Paralanguage（ 副语言）： Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .1 A planetary culture （行星文化）: integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism（ 理性主义）.2 Intercultural person （跨文化的人）: represents someone whose cognitive（ 认知的）, affective, and

39、behavioral（ 行为的） characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters（ 心理界限）of his or her own culture.High-context cultures （含蓄的文化）assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. Inhigh-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surroun

40、ding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures （外向型的文化）exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objectivecommunication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultu

41、res, the message itself means everything."I"culture（ 个体主义）： 1.Freedom to control their won destiny 2.Self-reliance to stand on their own feet 3.Privacy tomind their own business4.Family ties tend to be relatively unimportant"We"culture（ 集体主义）： 1.Harmony to strive for the common g

42、ood 2.Competition is not encouraged 3.Limit rightsto property 4.Filial piety（ 孝顺） 5.Inter-dependantPower distance（ 权利差距）： describes the distribution（ 分布） of influence within the culture, the extent to which theless powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is di

43、stributed unequally. Cultures are classified on a continuum（ 延续体）of high to low distance, that is hierarchy（ 等级主义）v.s. egalitarian（平等主义）.Masculine cultures（ 刚 性 文 化 ） :These cultures place high values on maculine traits and stress assertiveness, competition and material success.Feminine cultures（ 柔性

44、文化）： These cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality of life, interpersonalrelationships and concern for the weak.1. Enculturation（ 文化习得）: all the activities of learning one s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation（ 文化适应）: the process which adopts the changes brought

45、about by another culture and develops anincreased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric（ 文化中心主义）: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and know

46、ledge.12. Source 交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.13. Encoding 编码 Unfortunately （or perhaps fortunately）, humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding

47、is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.1. Message 编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; themessage is the resulting object.2. Channel 交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message istransmitted.

48、The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.3. Noise 干扰 The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.4. Receiver 交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.1. Decodi

49、ng 解码 Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.2. Receiver response 接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers

50、toanything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.3. Feedback 反馈 Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.1. Context 场景 The final component of communication is context. G

51、enerally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.16. Connotation （内涵） ： the suggestive meaning of a word - all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspok

52、en significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo 禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or incertain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism 委婉语：Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered

53、harsh, blunt,or offensive.Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁More haste, less speed. 欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋to fish in the air 水底捞月to drink like a fish 牛饮as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of one ' s rop劣水尽landscape engineer 园林工人tonsorial ar

54、tist 理发师sanitation engineer 清洁工shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the head 发疯的reckless disregard for truth 撒谎to take things without permission 偷窃industrial climate 劳资关系紧张justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏fat office 肥缺diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手golden saying 金玉良言You will cross the bridge when you get to it 船到桥头自然直b

55、etter be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰简答题9 components of communication （交际的十大要素） source（ 来源） ： the person who desires to encoding（ 编码） ： the process of putting on idea into a symbol message（ 信息） ： identifies the encoding thought channel（ 渠道） ： the means of t

56、ransmission（ 传播途径） noise（ 干扰） ： anything distorts the messages receiver（ 接受者） ： the person who attends to the message decoding（ 解码） ： assigning meaning to the symbols received receiver response（ 接受者反应）： anything the receiver does feedback（ 反馈） ： the portion which the source has knowledge and to whic

57、h the source attends and assigns meaning context（ 场景） ： help define（ 使明确）the communication1 .Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent. convenient transportation systems（ 便捷的交通系统） innovative communication systems（ 革新通信技术）economic globailzation（经济全球化） widespread migrations（广泛的移民

58、2 .What are the three ingredients（ 组成 ） of culture? artifacts（the material and spiritual products people produce） behavior（what they do） concepts（ 共有观点） （what they think）3 .How to understand cultural iceberg?just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined.Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface4 .What are