伦理和法制化第二

1、会计学1伦理和法制化第二伦理和法制化第二2 3 4 5 Longford 研究小鼠有意识 !小鼠能感知疼痛 !6 7 动物权利运动 兴起Background of Animal Rights Movement 动物保护 Animal Protection We have to love animals 动物福利 Animal Welfare We have to stand situation of animals 动物权利 Animal Rights Animals have rights not to be infringed物种主义 Specieism Infringing animal

2、 rights means discrimination动物解放 Animal Liberation We have to liberate animals from human 激进派 Radical activity to liberate animals Brake into research institutes or universities, set on fire, blast, destroy, bring out animals and research documents.Threaten and harass researchers and their family.温和

3、派 Moderate activityPublicity work to the general public, the Society of Prevention of Cruelty to animals, news media.8 9 10 Nature 2000;407:311 Rod Coronado是美国最知名的ALF行动者之一。他曾参与了弄沉捕鲸船只、从毛皮动物养殖场中放出动物，及多起纵火行动 英国ALF行动分子 Keith Mann 是ALF塔尖人，出版From Dusk til Dawn: An Insiders View of the Growth of the Anima

4、l Liberation Movement 作者 12 13 14 15 怎么看待动物的权利 刘恩岐的观点l 权利是一种人类社会的契约关系，而动物种群之间、动物和人类之间不可能签订或履行任何契约l 伦理学的“伦”字的本义就是人与人之间的关系l 权利意味着义务和责任，动物会履行他们的义务吗？老虎吃羊不存在任何道德问题，无论羊是否感到痛苦都是一样的l 坚决反对动物权利论 !16 生命伦理界主流观点 ?在生命科学研究中，虽然我们反对动物权利论的观点，但我们应该尊重动物的生命Even though applying a concept of rights to animals is inappropr

5、iate, we have to respect for life of animals.17 18 19 Russell, Burch. 1959 The Principles of Humane Experimental TechniqueReduction Reduction of animals used in researchReplacement Replacement of animal experimentation to invertebrates or experiments without animalsRefinement Refinement of treatment

6、s including care and environment to reduce pain and stress 20 21 3Rs are a fundamental rule in using animals in research in western countriesSIR The strength of opinion on both sides of the debate about the use of animals in research has generated mutual suspicion and discouraged rational discussion

7、. In an attempt to break through the distrust, a group of antivivisectionists, members of animal welfare, research support and medical organizations, veterinarians, scientists using animals, members of bodies funding or directly engaged in research, moral philosophers and others, has been meeting ov

8、er the past two years to exchange views. Many of us were surprised by the extent agreement on important issues, including commitment to the reduction, refinement, and replacement of animals in research wherever possible, and unanimous condemnation of violence and intimidation against individuals and

9、 institutions.Blakemore et al. Nature 1995; 374:67022 ReplacementIn vitro studies advantages l In vitro studies are effective to examine cell functionldisadvantagesl In some case, property of cells in culture is different from that in vivo.l It is difficult to reproduce in vivo condition. Computer s

10、imulationadvantagesIn chemical synthesis of compounds, effective drug was designed by computer simulation.disadvantagesResults are dependent on analytical conditions and the information of the analytical conditions is insufficient.23 FEBS Lett 1980; 118: 557J Biol Chem 1981; 256: 9789J Lipid Res 198

11、3; 24: 469In vivo responseThe differences in cholesterol synthesis between in vitro conditions and in vivo.Experiment A and B are in vitro studies using skin fibroblasts and hepatocytes and Experiment C is an in vivo study. In vitro studies adding LDL in the medium show that cholesterol synthesis in

12、 normal cells were decreased due to LDL supplement in the medium compared to LDL receptor-deficient WHHL cells. However, in vivo study demonstrated both normal and LDL receptor deficient animals show similar responses. These results suggest that amount of cholesterol uptake in LDL-receptor deficient

13、 WHHL rabbits was probably similar to normal rabbits, although cholesterol synthesis was depressed in LDL receptor-deficient WHHL cells.24 25 26 27 28 29 动物福利30 动物福利31 动物福利32 世界兽医协会关于动物福利五大准则 World Veterinary Association (WVA) Policy Statement on Animal Welfare, Well-Being, and Ethology1. Freedom fr

14、om hunger and thirst 2. Freedom from physical discomfort and pain 3. Freedom from injury and disease 4. Freedom from fear and distress 5. Freedom to conform to essential behavior, and patterns 1.享有不受饥渴的自由2.享有生活舒适的自由3.享有不受痛苦伤害和疾病的自由4.享有生活无恐惧和悲伤感的自由5.享有表达天性的自由动物福利33 l野生动物 遵循食物链原则，不适合 Wild animals We h

15、ave to respect for the rule of Food Chain and do not intervene in their sanctuary l伴侣动物 适合 Companion animals The owners have to care their animals appropriately during all their life (5 freedoms of WVA) and they have responsibility to society instead of their animals 动物福利适合每一个动物（1） ?“Animal Welfare”

16、 to every animal 动物福利34 动物福利适合每一个动物（2） ?“Animal Welfare” to every animal 动物福利35 动物福利36 动物福利适合每一个动物（3） ?“Animal Welfare” to every animal?动物福利37 美国动物福利法 Animal Welfare Act (AWA)动物福利38 人道的管理和使用实验室动物方针动物福利39 动物福利40 动物福利41 42 43 44 45 46 47 行业规定48 49 50 51 动物实验人员培训动物实验 申请IACUC 批准动物中心设施利用许可动物实验 实施动物实验的许可5

17、2 实验动物生产和使用许可证53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 The N Engl J Med has taken the position that it will not publish reports of unethical research, regardless of their scientific merit. . And finally, refusal to publish unethical work serves notice to society at large that even scientists do not consider sc

18、ience is the primary measure of civilization. Knowledge, although important, may be less important to a decent society than the way it is obtained. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 146263 Referee Evaluation SheetAuthorsTitle of PaperRecommendation Acceptable As is or minor revision With major revision needed

19、 to resolve the criticisms Unacceptable Reconsider de novo after major revision RejectTo the reviewer: Please evaluate manuscript quality according toImportance of findingsAdequacy of methodsStrength of evidence supporting conclusionsClarity of presentation and discussionCriticisms and suggestions t

20、o the authors should be given on a separate sheet in a constructive and courteous matter, without indicating your recommendation for acceptance or rejection.On this page in the space below please write a brief, compelling argument to the editors supporting your rating and recommendations.SCIENTIFIC

21、PRIORITY ( 1 = highest priority): 1 2 3 4 5 Do you have any concerns regarding the ethical aspects of the experimental procedures used on humans or animals? Yes NoIf yes, please explain below. Please check if you consider additional statistical review essential0791-06364 65 Editor: We note that you

22、have used pentobarbital in the low range to anaesthetize the animals. Analgesic power of barbiturates at this dose is very poor and it is not currently recommended for procedures like the one you have performed in your study. Therefore, please explain in your cover letter why you did not use a highe

23、r dose or another type of anaesthetic regimen that has analgesic properties.66 Revision 67 Editor: State in your methods section whether the investigation conforms with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1996) or the Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament. These are available at http:/ww