语言学名词解释和简答题的出题范围修复的

1、一、Directions:Pleasedefinethefollowingterms.1.minimalpairtestwordsthatdifferinonlyonesoundTheydifferinmeaning,theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment,thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentExample:beat,bitTheyformaminimalpairSo/ea/and/i/aredifferentsoundsinEnglishTheyaredifferentphonemes2.theSapir-WhorfH

2、ypothesislinguisticdeterminism（语言决定论）-Languagedeterminesthought.andlinguisticrelativity（语言相对论）-Thereisnolimittothestructuraldiversityoflanguages.3.BehaviorismBehaviorisminlinguisticsholdstheviewthatChildrenlearnlanguagethroughachainofstimulus-response-reinforcement 刺激一反应一强化），andadults?useoflanguagei

3、salsoaprocessofstimulus-response.4.discoveryproceduresAgrammarisdiscoveredthroughtheperformingofcertainoperationsonacorpusofdata5.UniversalGrammarUGconsistsofasetofinnategrammaticalprinciples.Eachprincipleisassociatedwithanumberofparameters.6.SystemicGrammarItaimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlangu

4、ageasasystemnetwork,ormeaningpotential.7.IdeationalMetafunctionTheIdeationalFunction（ExperientialandLogical）istoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Itisameaningpotential.Itmainlyconsistsof“transitivity”and“voice”.Thisfunctionnotonlyspecifiesthavailableoptionsinmeaningb

5、utalsodeterminesthenatureoftheirstructuralrealisations.Forexample,“Johnbuiltanewhousecanbasaaadyseigurationofthefunctions（功能配置）:Actor:JohnProcess:Material:Creation:builtGoal:Affected:anewhouse8.InterpersonalMetafunctionTheINTERPERSONALFUNCTIONembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelati

6、ons.Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact.9.basicspeechrolesThemostfundamentaltypesofspeechrolearejusttwo:（i）giving,and（ii）demanding.Modaloperators:lowmedianhi宅 hJpositivecarijmay,cculd,might,wi11.would,tniiFit,oughtTn,need,(dare)should,isywastoha5/hadtonega

7、tiveiwxdnt.duesu,i/didiil+wont,ouldnt,uiuatuLoughtnt1。、canneedto.havetoshculdnt,couldnt,(mayntmightntisnt/wasntto)liasntliadntto)11. TextualMetafunctionThetextualmetafunctionenablestherealizationoftherelationbetweenlanguageandcontext,makingthelanguageuserproduceatextwhichmatchesthesituation.Itrefers

8、tothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintocoherentandunifiedtextsandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.Itisrealizedbythematicstructure,informationstructureandcohesion.12. themeandrhemeCuttingacrossthisbasicdistinctionbetweengivinganddemandingi

9、sanotherdistinctionthatrelatestothenatureofthecommoditybeingexchanged.Thismaybeeither(a)goods-&-servicesor(b)information.CommoditvT-ITC1MU1磔dRoleiiiexclinnge(a)goods-&-senices(b)infoimtioD(i)givingofferstatementwouldyonlikethisteapot?hegivinghertlieteapot.(ii)demandingC0UiIUilU( (rgivemethat

10、teapotFquestionwhatishegivingher?10.finiteverbaloperatorsFinitenessisthusexpressedbymeansofaverbaloperatorwhichiseithertemporalormodal.FiniteverbaloperatorsTemporaloperators:pastpresentftjturcpositivenegarivedid,wab.luid,Lusedlodidnt,wasnt,hadn1didntusedtodoes-is.hasdoesntisnt.hasntwill.shall.XMJiil

11、d,sliujldwont,shalltwouldntshouldntTheThemeistheelementwhichservesasthepointofdepartureofthemessage.Theremainderofthemessage,thepartinwhichtheThemeisdeveloped,iscalledtheRheme.Asamessagestructure,aclauseconsistsofaThemeaccompaniedbyaRheme.TheThemeisthefirstconstituentoftheclause.Alltherestoftheclaus

12、eissimplylabelledtheRheme13. experientialismExperientialismassumesthattheexternalrealityisconstrainedbyouruniquelyhumanexperience.Thepartsofthisexternalrealitytowhichwehaveaccessarelargelyconstrainedbytheecologicalnichewehaveadaptedtoandthenatureofourembodiment.Inotherwords,languagedoesnotdirectlyre

13、?ecttheworld.Rather,itre?ectsouruniquehumanconstrualoftheworld:our,worldview?asitappearstousthroughthelensofourembodiment.ThisviewofrealityhasbeentermedexperientialismorexperientialrealismbycognitivelinguistsGeorgeLako?andMarkJohnson.Experientialrealismacknowledgesthatthereisanexternalrealitythatisr

14、e?ectedbyconceptsandbylanguage.However,thisrealityismediatedbyouruniquelyhumanexperiencewhichconstrainsthenatureofthisreality,forus?.14. imageschemataAnimageschemaisarecurringstructurewithinourcognitiveprocesseswhichestablishespatternsofunderstandingandreasoning.Imageschemasareformedfromourbodilyint

15、eractions,fromlinguisticexperience,andfromhistoricalcontext.15. prototypetheoryPrototypetheoryisamodeofgradedcategorizationincognitivescience,wheresomemembersofacategoryaremorecentralthanothers.Forexample,whenaskedtogiveanexampleoftheconceptfurniture,chairismorefrequentlycitedthan,say,stool.Prototyp

16、etheoryhasalsobeenappliedinlinguistics,aspartofthemappingfromphonologicalstructuretosemantics.二、Directions:Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestions.1.WhyisSaussurecalled“oneofthefoundersofstructurallinguisticsandmodernlinguistics”？Hehelpedtosetthestudyofhumanbehavioronanewfooting(basis).Hehelpedtopromotese

17、miology.HeclarifiedtheformalstrategiesofModernistthoughts.Heattachedimportancetothestudyoftheintimaterelationbetweenlanguageandhumanmind.2.WhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenSaussure?slangueandparoleandChomsky?scompetenceandperformance?Thesimilarities(1)languageandcompetencemainlyconcernsthe

18、user?sderlyingknowledge;paroleandperformanceconcernstheactualphenomena(2)languageandcompetenceareabstract;paroleandperformanceareconcrete.Thedifferences(1)accordingtoSaussure,languageisameresystematicinventoryofitems;accordingtoChomsky,competenceshouldrefertotheunderlyingcompetenceasasystemofgenerat

19、iveprocesses(2)AccordingtoSaussure,languagemainlybaseonsociology,inseparatinglanguagefromparole,weseparatesocialfromindividual;accordingtoChomsky,competencewasrestrictedtoaknowledgeofgrammar.3.Whatistheconflictbetweendescriptiveadequacyandexplanatoryadequacy?AndwhatisChomsky?ssolutiontothisconflict?

20、atheoryofgrammar:descriptivelyadequateshouldadequatelydescribethegrammaticaldadaofalanguage.“fatlshouldnotjustfocusonafragmentofalanguage.atheoryofgrammar:explanatorilyadequateshouldexplainthegeneralformoflanguage.shouldchooseamongalternativedescriptively-adequategrammars.shouldessentiallybeabouthow

21、achildacquiresagrammar.Atheoryofgrammarshouldbebothdescriptivelyandexplanatorilyadequate.Butthereisaconflict:ToachieveDA,thegrammarmustbeverydetailed.ToachieveEA,thegrammarmustbeverysimple.(thinkwhy?)becausethechildcanlearnalanguageveryeasilyonverylittlelanguageexposure.Chomsky?ssolution:constructas

22、impleUGletindividualgrammarsbederivablefromUG4.WhatareChomsky?scontributionstothelinguisticrevolution?Chomsky?scontributiontohelinguisticrevolutionisthatheshowedtheworldatotallynewwayoflookingatlanguageandathumannature,particularlythehumanmind.Chomskychallengedbehaviorismandempiricismbecausehebeliev

23、esthatlanguageisinnate.Rationalism(vs.empiricisminphilosophy)Empiricistevidenceisoftenunreliable.Innateness(vs.behaviorisminpsychology)Childrencanacquireacomplicatedlanguageonthebasisofverylimitedexposuretospeech.ThisindicatesthatUGisinnatefaculty.5.HowtocompareandcontrastGenerativeLinguisticsandSys

24、temic-FunctionalLinguisticsfromperspectivesofepistemology,theoreticalbasis,researchtasksandmethodology?EpistemologyTheoreticalbaseResearchtasksMethodology认识论SFGViewslanguageasapartofsocialsystem&studieslanguagefromanthropologic&sociologicalperspective1. Malinowskistheoryofanthropology2. Firt

25、hstheoryofSyste&Structure3. Hjelmslevstheoryoflanguagelevel&languagesystem4. Pragueschoolsfuncticsentenceperspective1. Torevealhowpeoplemakechoicesthroughmeaningpotentialinthesystemoflanguagetofulfillvariousfunctions2. Focusonwhyslanguagepossessessuchstructure1.Fromafunctionalpointofview2.La

26、nguagesemioticsystemofthreelevelsTGGLanguageisrelatedtophysiologic&psychologicalfeaturesRationalism&mentalism1. Tostudylanguagestructureinform2. Focusonhowlanguageisstructured1.Symbols&formulasinmaths&logic2.Deductivemethodology3.Introspection6.Howmanyprocesstypesarethereinthetransit

27、ivitysystem?Pleaseillustrateeachtypebyaproperexample.Six.MaterialProcesses,MentalProcesses,RelationalProcesses,BehaviouralProcesses,VerbalProcesses,ExistentialProcessesThetypicaltypesofouterexperienceareactions,goings-onandevents:actionshappen,peopleactonotherpeopleorthings,ormakethingshappen.Thisty

28、peofprocessiscalledMaterialProcesses.Theinnerexperienceisthatinourconsciousnessorimagination.Youmayreactonit,thinkaboutit,orperceiveit.ThistypeofprocessiscalledMentalProcesses.Thenthereisathirdtypeofprocess:welearntogeneralize,torelateonefragmentofexperiencetoanother.Itdoesthisbyclassifyingoridentif

29、ying.ThiskindofprocessiscalledRelationalProcesses.Thesethreeprocessesarecalledmajorprocesses.Relatedtothemarethreeminorprocesses:eachoneliesattheboundarybetweentwoprocessesofthethree.Notsoclearlysetapart,theysharesomefeaturesofeach,andfinallyacquirethecharacteroftheirown.Ontheborderlinebetweenmateri

30、alandmentalaretheBehaviouralProcesses:thosethatrepresentoutermanifestationsofinnerworkings,theactingoutofprocessesofconsciousnessandphysiologicalstates.OntheborderlineofmentalandrelationalisthecategoryofVerbalProcesses:symbolicrelationshipsconstructedinhumanconsciousnessandenactedintheformoflanguage

31、.ThenontheborderlinebetweentherelationalprocessandthematerialprocessareExistentialProcesses,bywhichphenomenaofallkindsarerecognizedtobeortoexist.7.WhatisamultipleThemetobecontrastedwithasimpleTheme?WhatisamarkedThemetobecontrastedwithanunmarkedTheme?Please川ustratethemwithproperexamples.Conjunctionsi

32、nThemeConjunctiveandmodalAdjunctsinThemeTextual,interpersonalandexperientialelementsinThemeInterrogativesasmultipleThemesunmarkedtheme比标记主位）:Thesubjectandthemearethesameone.IdeationalMaterialprocessAction/passiveThishousewasbuiltbyJohnSmithGoal:AffectedProcess:Material:ActionActor:AgentAnimateInterp

33、ersonalDeclarativeMoodResidueSubjectFinitePredicatorAdjunctTextualUnmarkedThemeThemeRhemeGivenNewmarkedtheme 标记主位）:Thesubjectandthemearenotthesame.IdeationalMentalProcess（Cognitive）Suchataleyouwillneverbelieve.PhenomenonSenserProcess:Mental,CognitiveInterpersonalDeclarativeNegativeResidueMoodResidue

34、ComplementSubjectFinitePredicatorTextualMarkedThemeThemeRhemeNewGivenNew8.Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenconceptualmetaphorandconceptualmetonymy?Metaphorandmetonymyareviewedasphenomenafundamentaltothestructureoftheconceptualsystemratherthansuperficiallinguistic,devices?.Conceptualmetapho

35、r 概念隐喻）mapsstructurefromoneconceptualdomainontoanother,whilemetonomyhighlightsanentitybyreferringtoanotherentitywithinthesamedomain.隐喻就是把一个领域的概念投射到另一个领域，或者说从一个认知域（来源域）投射到另一个认知域（目标域）。转喻是发生在同一认知域中的映射，如整体和部分等。ThebasicpremiseofConceptualMetaphorTheoryisthatmetaphorisnotsimplyastylisticfeatureoflanguage,butthatthoughtitselfisfundamentallymetaphoricalinnature.Accordingtothisview,conceptualstructureisorganisedaccordingtocrossdomainmappingsorcorrespondencesbetweenconceptualdo