英语口译笔记

1、 口译课堂PPTWhats interpretation? “Interpretation is a communication process, designed to reveal meanings and relationships of our cultural and natural heritage- Interpretation Canada It should be stressed that interpretive communication is not simply presenting information, but a specific communication

2、 strategy that is used to translate that information for people, from the technical language of the expert, to the everyday language of the visitor.The classification of interpretation1. Working characteristics: Consecutive interpretation 即席翻译 Simultaneous interpretation 同声传译2. Different domains: po

3、litics、social、law、culture、diplomatic etc.The basic requirements of interpretation1. Listening&speaking competence2. Translation competence （vocabulary, grammar, sentence, pattern, etc.）3. Connection: smart response ability through hard trainingThe process of interpretationInput ( immediate memor

4、y & note taking) Interpret (processing of information) 解译Output (processed language)The standards of interpretation1. “accuracy” is the cornerstone of interpretation2. “smoothness” is the life of interpretation3. “Fluency” is the sign of good qualityProfessional codes of conduct for interpretati

5、on Each profession has its generally accepted codes of conduct and professional ethics, and so do interpreters. The interpreter must know his professional ethics well and abide by them for the fulfillment of a successful career in interpreting. The highest standards of international interpreting mea

6、n that the interpreter is always professional, keeps confident, is objective, does not interfere with the exchange of information, and has the respect and trust of both parties in the dialogue. The highest praise for the personal international figures is that nobody has notices their presence.1. Pro

7、fessional confidence The interpreter has the obligation never to release any secret which he/she has come to know through the performance of his work. This is extremely important.2. Sufficient preparation As early as possible before an assignment, the interpreter should acquire a very complete file

8、of the documents which will come up for discussion both in the source language and in the target language.1) Advanced preparation Before the meeting, the interpreter should ask the conference organizer to provide a full set of documents, which include the conference programmer, list of participants,

9、 background information about the conference, and most important, documents on the content of the conference (including drafts of papers to be read or presented, abstracts, etc.) Briefings are potentially a very useful part of advanced preparation. They are meetings organized for the interpreter, wi

10、th the participation of the organizer and experts in the field. At the briefing, general information is given to the interpreter, who can ask specific questions, generally on concepts and terminology.2) Last minute preparation For organizational reasons, the conference documents are not always avail

11、able before the conference. Sometimes, many documents are only available at the very last moment, yet a acquisition may revolve around them. The interpreter should be ready to deal with the situation.3) In-conference preparation Much information is gained during the conference itself, partly through

12、 documents which are only handed out after the meeting has started, partly through conversation with participants during break, and partly through the content of presentations and discussions.3. Conference-room manner In meetings, the interpreter should match the general average in dress an thus be

13、inconspicuous.4. Personal qualifications and assignments It is the responsibility of the interpreter to find out about the exact character of an assignment before accepting it.5. Doubts and mistakes On some occasions, particularly in technical discussion, the interpreter will come across words for w

14、hich he/she does not know the right translation. In this situation, he/she should try to give a clear paraphrase to explain it. If this cannot be done, he/she should be frank to admit his/she ignorance and try to seek help from whatever source available. If the interpreter makes a mistake, he/she sh

15、ould correct it immediately without feeling shy or worrying about losing face. If the speaker or a listener corrects a mistake made by the interpreter, the interpreter should always be ready to accept the correction, apologize and thank briefly. Even when the corrections are wrong, the interpreter s

16、hould remain polite and explain later instead of embarking on a discussion.6. Maintain professional confidentiality The interpreters work often makes him/her the unwanted and unavoidable sharer of secrets belongings to groups or individuals in international gatherings. Not only should the interprete

17、r never intentionally discuss or volunteer information about sensitive material that he/she has had access to in work, but the interpreter should also take the greatest care to leak out apparently harmless which might be highly sensitive in some quarters.第一讲：口译技能训练之公共场合讲话 Public Speaking In interpre

18、ting, the interpreter transmits the message through spoken language, which is spontaneous, instantaneous, and ephemeral. Spontaneity arises from the need to interpret as one hears the source message, and the interpretation is instantaneous in the sense that there is little time to prepare. Everythin

19、g which is said is ephemeral: there is little possibility of a playback or analysis. Therefore clarity is essential so that the listeners have the maximum chance of understanding what the interpreter says. The interpreter should make a point of making his voice carry well so that the audience-even t

20、hose sitting at the back of a large meeting room-can hear clearly. Voice Projection (some tips)1) Speak with a clear, firm voice, the first few sentences are especially important to convey assurance to your audience;2) Be clearly intelligible at all times; pronounce proper names and titles especiall

21、y carefully;3) Dont “orate”, but do sound natural and sincere;4) Use the first person singular;5) Talk to your audience”personally” and keep contact with them at all times;6) Watch the reaction of the audience to what you say;7) Be friendly toward your audience, be interested in your subject;8) Dont

22、 frown;9) Dont grimace, even if you make mistakes. Speed of delivery Public speaking for an interpreter means that you have to maintain the interest of the audience,who are hearing a text twice, once in a version which they cannot understand. You must engage their attention, and one method is to var

23、y your speed of delivery.More tips:1) Dont talk faster than 160 words a minute or slower than 90 words a minute;2) Keep your rate of delivery constantly changing;3) Dont be monotonous in your delivery;4) Change your pace or speed in response to the audiences reactions;5) Allow space for applause, la

24、ughter, or interruptions;6) Keep eye contact with the audience.第二讲：口译技能训练之记忆训练 Memory trainingThe importance of a good memory in interpretingThe ability to process information is an essential part of successful interpreting. The ability to listen, comprehend, and retain information is necessary for

25、processing information.Theory:As Wolfgang Zoelke pointed out in his popular work, Conditioning your memory, “Memory is no local function in the brain and definitely not a type of container. Memory is rather the entire body of thought which you retain,” and “memory is the lasting functioning of many

26、mechanical, sensory, mental and physical moments.”Short-term Memory:The duration of STM is very short. It is up 6 to 30 seconds. Memory in interpreting only lasts for a short time. Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subjec

27、t and speakers.Long-term Memory:Long-term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later. To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend

28、to recall it later. Long-term memory is a learning process. And it is essentially an important part of the interpreters acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in LTM may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.Short-term memory trainingShadowing 影子练习ParrotingChinese W

29、hispersSimultaneous shadowingLagging shadowingMulti-taskingLong-term memory trainingInformation-Visualization This is to visualize what the speaker is saying in interpretation. It is applicable to the retaining of information in such speech types as narration, description and introduction.Encoding,

30、storage and retrievalCategorization, generalization and comparison 提纲式记忆指译员充分利用语篇的基本结构及其主要意义间的联系，把源语材料内容当做提纲或框架来处理。在此提纲或框架里，译员所“记”的内容是源语材料的主要意义及其联系。在随后所“忆”和“译”的阶段，译员则在所记的基本提纲的基础上，完整地归纳包括其他次要意义在内的全部意义。提纲式记忆常用于那些讲话内容相对有条理性、主次意义较清楚的讲话材料，如论证类、介绍类讲话等。Mnemonics 推理式信息组合记忆 译员在理解的前提下，以话语所呈现的信息位为基础，分清信息主次，结合逻

31、辑推理，将信息单位按主次关系逻辑性地组合成更大的信息单位，以增加短时记忆的容量。这种方法较适合于记忆那些信息量大的长句或内容相对比较枯燥、话语的连贯性较差的材料。Active ListeningMain reasons for failure to remember what has been heard:1. Insufficient attention is paid to the speaker.2. Unfamiliarity with the topic under discussion.3. Incompetence in the foreign languages第三讲：口译技能

32、训练之笔记 Note-taking in InterpretingThe importance of taking notes in interpreting Our short-term memory alone can not retain the amount of information the speaker gives in the act of interpreting. We need to employ other means to help with our retaining and retrieval of information. Notes are an aid t

33、o enhance the work of understanding, analysis and re-expression, the three activities of consecutive interpreting.Note-taking tips: Keep a dynamic balance between memory and notes and try to be less dependent on your notes.Basic guidelines for note-taking in CI1. Use a 15cm×20cm stenographers n

34、otepad; avoid loose sheets.2. Write only on one side of the sheets; use a good old lead pencil.3. Notes should be easily readable, be well spread on the page, written in large characters, and one single sentence can even occupy one sheet.4. Notes must be very clear: for instance, an arrow pointing u

35、pward must be always used to represent one idea.5. Avoid inventing symbols or abbreviations in the course of a conference.6. Write your notes vertically7. Use abbreviations8. Use whatever language that comes to your mind9. Use as many symbols as you feel comfortable withWhat to noteTake down the mai

36、n points of the speech, together with any amount of minor details your could manage （口译笔记的对象：概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系）Some suggested symbols used in note-taking good, strong bad, weak smaller than bigger than smaller or equal bigger or equal equal not equal approximately equal× wrong, negative vic

37、tory because soY agreeN disagree country. / on one side/ . on the other side . / . relation about常见略语：Eg; etc; ie; cf (compare); esp; min; max; usu; ref; co; std (standard); re(subject); asap; rgds; B2B,B2C,BTW(by the way); F2F(face to face); POV(point of view); CHN中国；FR法国；PR公共关系；GNP国民生产总值；re&op

38、改革开放； SEZ经济特区（special economic zone）；m eco 市场经济； sc&tech科技；agri农业；ind工业；edu教育；trav旅游The use of left-hand marginThe left-hand margin is all-important, since in this section of the sheet the subjects of and the links between the sentences are to be noted. Some interpreters may choose to leave a le

39、ft-hand margin of one to two centimeters for links only.Distribution of the concentration Note 20%100 brain cells Understanding 30% Listening 50%Note-taking: What to note1. Note down the main ideas. (not words)2. Systematically note down the links between different ideas.3. Pay attention to conjunctions, verb tenses, conditional forms, and modal verb.4. Note down accurately the numbers, dates and proper names.Tip: Digest be