语法限定词

1、I. What is a determinerII. Collocation of nouns and determinersIII. Collocation of determinersIV. Comparison of some determiners （1）some, any, no （2）all, both, every, each, either, neitherV. Notes on determinersVI. Key to exercisesListen to the following and try to find what are missing. We have ins

2、trument. It is called clavichord. It was made in Germany in 1681. clavichord is kept in room. It has belonged to family for time. instrument was bought by grandfather years ago. Recently it was damaged byvisitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struckkeys too hard and two of strings were broken. f

3、ather was shocked. Now we are not allowed to touch it. It is being repaired by friend of fathers.anaOurtheouraThemymanyathetheMyamyold musicallivinglong1010.mp310一、限定词概述 名词通常可由许多词修饰。如：限定词、形容词、-ing/-ed分词短语、介词短语等，而限定词有其特殊的地位，因为它不能像名词的其他修饰语那样可以省略而不影响句子结构的完整性。限定词的取舍要取决于中心词（名词）的类别（即可数或不可数，单数或复数等）。例如： Car

4、penter is their most popular singer. The authors new book on English grammar is worth reading. 冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、不定代词、名词属格、序数词、基数词等都可作限定词。DEFINITIONWords that precede any premodifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings as specific reference, generic refer

5、ence; definite quantity or indefinite quantity are referred to as determiners.2. CLASSIFICATIONDeterminers, as a class of words, include: 1) articles (definite article, indefinite article, zero article), 2) possessive determiners, 3) genitive nouns, 4) demonstrative determiners, 5) relative determin

6、ers, 6) interrogative determiners, 7) indefinite determiners, 8) cardinal and ordinal numerals, fractional and multiplicative numerals, and other quantifiers.二、限定词与名词的搭配关系 限定词一般不用于专有名词，用于普通名词时要根据名词的数和类别来决定。 普通名词可分为如下三类： 单数可数名词，如：a desk, a pencil等。 复数可数名词，如：desks, pencils等。 不可数名词，如：coffee, fire等。 各限定

7、词与三类名词搭配关系可分为以下几种情况： A. 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 定冠词the, 如：the book, the books, the bread等。 物主代词、名词所有格，如： my / Johns book my / Johns books my / Johns bread all / some / any / no，如： all / some / any / no book all / some / any / no books all / some / any / no bread other / such，如： other / such student other / suc

8、h students wh -words (eg. what, which, whose等）。 Im sorry you had such terrible weather. Which John do you mean, John the baker or John the post man？ Note: such经常与不定冠词连用构成such + a(n) + adj + 名词结构。如： Ive never lived in such a large house as this before. They havent had such a good time for ages. B. 只能

9、与单数可数名词搭配的限定词 如：a (n), each, every, either, one等。 I told every student to come. She knows every pupil of the class. You may use either hoe. C. 只能与复数可数名词搭配的限定词 如：both, (a) few, several, these / those, a (great) number of, two / three, many等。 Were asking a few friends round to dinner. A great number o

10、f animals are killed every year. Note: many后面可以跟a (n)放在单数可数名词前，尽管还表示“许多”的意思，但动词用单数。 Many a man is going to welcome the foreign guests. Many a friend has been invited to this party. D. 只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词 如：(a) little, a bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, much 等。 In fact I know a bit of Spanish.

11、A large amount of money is spent on tobacco every year. E. 能与单数可数名词和复数可数名词搭配的限定词 如：the first / second, the next, the other 等。 Whats the next thing to do? John wanted to know what the other doctors suggest. F. 能与复数可数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词 如：a lot of, plenty of, lots of, enough, more, most等。 There is enough f

12、ood for everybody. There arent enough tools to go around. G. 能与单数可数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词 如：(the) least, this, that等。 He hadnt the least thought of his own interests. She fainted at the least sight of blood.三、限定词与限定词的搭配关系 在名词词组中，当两个以上的限定词同时出现时，限定词之间就存在前后顺序问题，根据限定词不同的搭配位置，限定词可分为中位限定词、前位限定词和后位限定词。 中位限定词（Centr

13、al determiners ）包括：冠词；指示词（this / that / these / those) ;形容词性物主代词，名词所有格（my, Johns)；量词(some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, much等）；wh-words (what, which, whose等）。 前位限定词（Predeterminers)：all, both, half, double, twice; one third, two thirds等。 后位限定词（Postdeterminers）：基数词；序数词; last, next, o

14、ther, another等; such; many, little, few, several, more, less等。 The teacher asked his students to write their answers on every other line. 老师要求学生隔一行写出答案。 Both my brothers have graduated from universities. 我两个兄弟都大学毕业了。 The old men had a very good time during all these last few days. 这些老人在最后一段日子里过得很愉快。

15、 在限定词的搭配中，一般的顺序都是前位-中位-后位，中位限定词之间和前位限定词之间是互相排斥的，即：两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词不能同时修饰中心词名词，而后位限定词则可以并列修饰中心词。 Mr Harrison showed us a few more samples. Tom broke his leg on New Years day. It took him the next few weeks to get over it. 汤姆新年那天摔断了腿，几个星期后才恢复。 The girls parents invited several hundred guests to her bir

16、thday party. 女孩的父母邀请了几百名客人参加她的生日晚会。 Note: 限定词使用规则： 限定词的分类比较复杂、难记。一般情况下，可以运用以下几条简单、实用的规则。 A.把all和both放在其他限定词之前。如： The little boy ate all the food. All such problems should be considered. Both my hands were seriously hurt. B.把many / much, more / most, few / little放在其他限定词之后。如： His many successes made h

17、im famous. Johns few friends speak highly of him. With the surrender of the enemy troops, no more fighting was expected there. C.感叹句中，把what和such放在a(n)之前。如： What a lovely girl! Ive never seen such a crowd!四、几组限定词的用法比较 （一）some, any, no的用法 some, any, no同是能与单数可数名词、复数可数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词。 1.some和any表示“一些，若干几

18、分”等含义，一般情况下，some用于肯定句,any用于疑问、否定、条件句中。 Have you got any aspirins? Mr White has some flowers in his garden. We havent invited any students to the party. If you want any glasses, Ill send you some. 2.any 还可以用于实际上含否定意思的肯定句中。例如，含有never, without, hardly等词的肯定句。 The young accountant seldom makes any error

19、in his books. I can answer your questions without any hesitations. The noise of the party prevented me from getting any sleep. 3.some可以与others连用。 Some people like the sea, others prefer the mountains. Some students answered Yes and others answered No. 4.如果说话人预期肯定回答时，some也可用于疑问句。 Dont you give him so

20、me tickets? Ive just been shopping. Oh, did you buy some rice?” some还可用在表示劝请、请求、命令的疑问句中。 Wont you have some more beer? Could you buy me some clips? 5.any用于肯定句中，表示“任何，无论哪一个”。 Any child would know that. 6.No的含义相当于not any (a)。 No cigarette is completely harmless. There were no letters for you this morn

21、ing. no和any相似，它不能与另一个限定词连用。与the, my, this, that等相遇时用none of代替。 None of my friends live near my house. I like none of that music. no可以和一个带-ing的动词连用，表示不允许干某事，这时不能用not any代替。 No Smoking!不准吸烟！ No Parking!禁止停放车辆！ No Waiting!禁止（车辆等）在此等候！ 7.有时no的意义不止是not (a)或not any，而是not at all（完全不是，决不是）。 He is no fool. (

22、= He is not a fool.） It is no easy task. (= It is not an easy task.) （二）all, both, every, each, either, neither的用法 1.all, both同属前位限定词，但all可以与三类名词搭配，both只能与复数可数名词搭配，从意义上讲both指两者，all指三者或三者以上。如： How much time will you take for all this work? All children can be naughty sometimes. I got both these vases

23、 in Spain. Both cats are asleep. all和both用于否定时表示部分否定。 例如： I cannot promote both of you. 我不能使你们两个都提升。 All flowers in his garden are not red. 他花园里的花并非都是红色的。 Both (of them) are not my brothers. 他们两个之中，只有一个是我的兄弟。 另外，表示部分否定的词还有every (everyone)。 例如： Every man can not be a poet. 并非人人都可以成为诗人。 要表达全部否定要用none

24、/ no (nobody) , neither, either等。 例如： I cannot promote either of you. 你们两个我都不能提拔。 No flower in his garden is red. 他花园的花都不是红的。 2.all 和every从意义上十分相近，都用来泛指人或物，然而两者各自与名词搭配的类别不同，every只能与单数可数名词连用。如： All Mondays are horrible. (= Every Monday is horrible. ) all后可以跟the或this, my等限定词，而every却不行。 例如： All the boy

25、s of this class are able to run faster than their teacher. 试比较： She was here all day.她在这里呆了一整天。 She was here every day. 她天天都在这里。 3.every和each同属中位限定词，都可与单数名词连用，且意义相近，表示每个，然而every和each并不完全一样，every强调整体概括，each则表示个别概念。例如： Each day is better than the one before. 一天比一天好。 Every player was in good form. 每个运动

26、员都处于最佳状态。 如果不特别强调某一意义时，every和each可以互换。 例如： We want every child to succeed. 我们希望每个孩子都成功。 Each child will find his own personal road to success. 每个孩子将会找到他个人的成功之路。 each可以指两个或两个以上的人或东西，every却不能指两个，只能指三个以上的数量。例如： Each sex has its own physical and psychological characteristics. 男女各有其身体上和心理上的特点。（不能说every s

27、ex.) 另外，如有其他限定词同时修饰中心词，each可作代词取each of的形式，而every则只能作限定词。例如： Each of my parents gave me presents for Christmas. 过圣诞节时我父母每人都给我送了礼物。 4.either 和neither 同属中位限定词，与名词连用时不能和其他限定词同用（如冠词，物主代词，或指示代词）。either 和neither都只修饰单数可数名词，动词也用单数。例如： Either day is OK. 两天中哪一天都行。 Neither car is exactly what I want. 这两辆车都不是我想

28、要的。 There were trees and flowers on either side of the street. 街两旁都有树和花。 Either kind of school is quite suitable. 两种学校都挺适合。 either也可指两个都与both的意义相近，但both后接复数名词,either则只接单数名词，而且both还可与其他限定词搭配。例如： Both (of) my children have been to America. 另外，当either, neither与其他限定词连用时，则使用either of, neither of结构。例如： Ei

29、ther of the girls is quite capable of the work. 两位女孩都能胜任这项工作。 Neither of his cats has been fed. 他的两只猫都还没喂。 注意：此时动词用单数，不能用复数。但在否定句中却常用复数，neither of后单复数动词都可以，只是复数常用在非正式文体中。例如： I dont think either of the girls are capable of the work. 我认为这两个女孩都不能胜任这项工作。 Neither of your two answers is correct. 你的两个回答都不正

30、确。KEYSTO EXERCISESP.63. Ex. 6A1. A2. A3. B4. D5. B6. C7. C8. C9. D10. B11. A12. C13. A14. B15. C16. D17. B18. D19. C20. D P.65.Ex.6B1. books2. end 3. words4. news 5. weeks6. sign 7. money8. intelligence 9. books10. line 11. sentences12. strength 13. apple, money, etc14. case 15. nurses16. bales 17.

31、novel, ones18. years, cause 19. rooms20. cases Ex. 6C1. B2. D3. C4. A5. D6. B7. D8. B9. D10. C11. B12. B13. C14. A15. B16. C17. D18. D19. C20. C P. 67. Ex. 6D 1. little opportunity to travel. 2. many such novels. 3. /Neither sentence is correct English. 4. He has many more problems 5. this kind of a

32、pple / these kind of apples. 6. I enjoy either kind, 7. every book in the fiction section. 8. than in any other country in the world. 9. a great amount of rainfall this year than there was last year. 10. all this luggage / all the luggage at the airport.11. such beautiful poetry / such a beautiful p

33、oem that is hard to believe she has never had a formal education.12. a great many friends in New York.13. Whatever nonsense14. that third sister of his15. I cant for the life of me remember.16. Presumably there are few / less diseases17. than all other methods.18. once every three months.19. study o

34、f language.20. some more soup? P. 68. Ex. 6E 1. How much work have you done this morning? 2. To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labor. 3. Hes done the least work. 4. There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. I know little French. 6. There must be less empty talk but more pra

35、ctical work. 7. Were there many people at the reception? 8. May I have a few words with you? 9. There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10. Harry made the fewest mistakes.11. Youve learned more poetry and done more exercises than I have.12. Jacks done the most work and made t

36、he most mistakes.13. Hes done a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes.14. A millionaire has lots of money - and lots of worries.15. Anna has enough worries because she hasnt got enough money.16. The telephone rang every few minutes.17. We have been persisting in making the experiment all these last

37、 few cold days.18. Both his next books on English linguistics will come out in 1992.19. Soon we learned that we had to wait another three more weeks.20. My brother spent $500 for a second-hand car, but I spent almost twice the amount for the same stuff. P. 73. Ex. 6F1. much2. many3. any4. some5. som

38、e, any6. any7. Some, any8. many9. few10. little11. fewer12. little / less13. either14. either, neither15. Both16. All17. none18. every19. each20. any, allP. 75 Ex. 7A1. 02. 03. the, an4.the5. 06. the, the, the7. 0, a8. 0, the9. a, the10. the11. 0, the12. A13. the, the14. the15. 0, 016. 0, the17. 0,

39、a, an, a, the18. the, the, a, the19. the, the, the, the, the, the20. a, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 / a P.76. Ex. 7B a 2. the3. a 4. a5. a 6. an 7. the8. the 9. a10. the11. 0 12. the13. a 14. the15. a16. 0, 17. the18. a 19. a20. a / the21. an 22. the23. a 24. 025. an26. the 27. the28. the 29. the30. a31. the32

40、. the33. a34. a35. the36. the37. the38. the39. an40. 041. 042. 043. a44. a45. The46. 047. the48. a49. the50. the51. the P, 82. Ex. 7C F refers to the first one while S the second one. S2. F3. S4. F5. S 6. S7. F8. S9. F10. S11. F12. S13. F14. S15. F16. S17. S18. Jones and Smith19. S20. S21. F22. F23.

41、 F24. S25. S26. S27. S28. S29. F30. F31. F32. F33. S34. F35. S36. S37. F38. F39. F40. FP. 83-84 Ex. 7DI1. the2. a3. the4. a5.his6.the7.my8.a9.the10.the11.the12.013.a14.a15.Sams16.the17.A18.the19.The20、His21.the22.her23.yourII1.a2.the3.another4.an5.the6.a7.an8.a9.an10.011.012.a13.the14.the15.Each16.a

42、17.the18.the19.a20.other21.the22.another23.the24.a25.the26.theP. 84 Ex. 7E1. on the spot 2. from top to bottom3. on hand4. at the front5. in a fashion6. taken a fancy to7. in case of8. took the fancy of9. in trouble, lend a hand10. went by the board11. within reach of12. on top of13. In the case of1

43、4. in the shade15. at a loss16. in possession of17. in the possession of18. under cover19. burn daylight20. at short noticeP. 85 Ex. 7F1. Light travels faster than sound.2. Be quiet, please. Dont let me hear a sound.3. In writing English, after each word we leave a space.4. This box occupies too muc

44、h space.5. After a big meal, you should take a rest.6. Everybody needs food, drink and rest.7. He did it all out of kindness.8. Thank you. You have done me a kindness. 9. He lives close at hand.10. The children suffered a lot at the hands of their stepfather.11. Have you got an English-French dictio

45、nary?12. Have you got an English and a French dictionary? 13. How do you like the red and white roses in my garden?14. How do you like the red (roses) and the white roses in my garden?15. He is still in hospital. 16. Im going to the hospital to see him.17. There is a garden in front of the house.18.

46、 There is a picture in the front of the book.19. This style of dress is no longer in fashion.20. She likes to read about the latest fashions.21. Dont talk too much at table.22. My friend was sitting at the table writing a letter.23. When we called, his family were at dinner.24. When we called, his f

47、amily was giving a dinner.25. The students take / took quite a fancy to their teacher.26. The exhibits in the hall soon took the fancy of the visitors.27. The old man is in possession of a huge fortune.28. The island was once in the possession of Great Britain.29. You must immediately consult a doct

48、or in case of illness.30. Pauline is stupid, but it is different in the case of Mary; she is just lazy.Notes on some determinersHis brother has become a doctor. His brother has become doctor.Sykes had turned an informer and told thepolice where to find his fellow gang members. Sykes had turned infor

49、mer and told thepolice where to find his fellow gang members. 表示状态转换的连系动词如turn 等后面作表语的单数可数名词前一般用零冠词。She was elected the Chair of the Board of Governors. She was elected Chair of the Board of Governors.Hes a competent enough officer, but I doubt hell ever make a general. Hes a competent enough officer, but I doubt hell ever make (=become a) general. 可数名词用于表示职务、头衔，在句中充当表语、同位语、宾语补足语或主语补足语时，该名词前常常用零冠词Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we will have to install _ solar