第四课 致谢和参考文献

1、Acknowledgements Notes, and ReferencesNotesGeneral KnowledgeFunction of Content Notes : To provide a place for material that the writer deems worthwhile without interrupting the flow of thought of the text.to make incidental comments on, to amplify(详述), or to qualify textual discussion.Ways to markA

2、rabic numeral typed slightly above the line (superscript上标). Never elevate note numbers a full space.The note should follow the passage it refers to. If the passage is an exact quotation, the note number comes at the end of itNote numbers must follow one another in numerical order, beginning with 1.

3、Numbering starts over at the beginning of each chapter.In papers that are not divided into chapters, the numbers will run continuously throughout.Basic Rules for NotesFootnotes Functions:refer the reader to another work or page for further information; give information on how facts presented in the

4、text. convey supplementary dataAttentionsNumber your footnotes page by page or chapter by chapter, and thereby avoid the possibility of triple-digit references.Occasionally two distinct series of footnotes are required: an authors notes and a translators or editors notes. Use asterisks（星号） and a dif

5、ferent typeface（字体） for the translators or editors notes which should be marked with appropriated abbreviations (trans, or Ed.):e.g. *The commission referred to is the Canada Labour Relations Board (Ed.). Use special symbols or letters to indicate notes within the body of mathematical, statistical a

6、nd other scientific documents, and particularly with tables and graphs, as illustrated below, since superscript numerals could be confused with mathematical index( 指数).Example: the United States, by contrast, approximately 49% of psychologists name either teaching or research as their principal acti

7、vity, compared with only 31% for service functions. Table 15 shows the numbers and proportions of English- and French-speaking 1 Canadians and of American and other foreign respondents in each of the principal work functions. It is estimated that 13%-14% of Canadian psychologists are French-speaking

8、. 2 1 French-speaking Canadians were identified by their request for or return to the French version of the questionnaire. Further identification and response rates were confirmed through follow-up telephone contacts with non-residents. 2 But see discussion by Dr. Belanger on p. 127. Endnotes Used w

9、hen: notes are numerous and lengthy and include extensive comments by the author.Function: facilitate word-processing and cross-referencing and enhance the appearance of the text. Uses：Number your notes consecutively (连续的) throughout the article or chapterpresent the notes in a list at the end of th

10、e article or chapter. The Waste Land I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD APRIL is the cruellest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade, And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten, And drank coffee, and talked for an hour.Example:NOTESNot only th

11、e title, but the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolism of the poem were suggested by Miss Jessie L. Westons book on the Grail legend: FromRitualtoRomance (Macmillan). Indeed, so deeply am I indebted, Miss Westons book will elucidate the difficulties of the poem much better than my notes c

12、an do; To another work of anthropology I am indebted in general, one which has influenced our generation profoundly; I mean TheGoldenBough; I have used especially the two volumes Adonis,Attis,Osiris. I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEADLine 20 Cf. Ezekiel 2:7. 23. Cf. Ecclesiastes 12:5. 31. V.TristanundIsolde,

13、 i, verses 58. 42. Ibid. iii, verse 24. 46. I am not familiar with the exact constitution of the Tarot pack of cards, from which I have obviously departed to suit my own convenience. The Hanged Man, a member of the traditional pack, fits my purpose in two ways: because he is associated in my mind wi

14、th the Hanged God of Frazer, and because I associate him with the hooded figure in the passage of the disciples to Emmaus in Part V. In-text notes (author-date system)Used in the running text or at the end of a block quotation consist of : the authors last name the publication date of the work, (bot

15、h enclosed in parentheses). e.g. (Wiebe 1993) (Fleming and Levie 1993) no punctuation separating the elements of the note, Exception: there is a reference to a specific page, volume or other division of the work. e.g. (Wiebe 1993, 27) (Suzuki 1990, 3:45) ibid., loc. cit., op. cit. ibid:Latin abbrevi

16、ation, short for ibidem,meaning “in the same place” for consecutive notes to the same work(同一作品连续的标注)Function: avoid unnecessary repetitionExamples:1. Weiss, Leon, ed., Cell and Tissue Biology (Baltimore, Md.: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1988), p. 1144. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., 1062 Note: Reference 2 is to t

17、he same page number. Reference 3 is to another page number of the same work. 参考文献与注释的区别 参考文献是作者写作论著时所参考的文献书目，一般集中列表于文末；注释是对论著正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明，一般排在该页页脚。 Learning Aid Methods of documentation The author-date style： With the natural and social sciences, the use of parenthetical notes (prnetikl 插句的)

18、 and a note list is generally recommended. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has its own guidelines for a parenthetical documentation style. Using notes footnotes are preferred: allows the reader to read the paper continually without searching for a reference in the back matter.For theses and di

19、ssertations, particularly those in the humanities, footnotes and references are preferred. Tables, outlines, lists, letters, and the like that are not immediately relevant to the text are best placed in appendix.Word中的插入脚注和尾注的功能创建脚注和尾注创建脚注和尾注 1）首先将光标移至所需插入脚注的地方，然后点击主菜单“插入引用脚注和尾注”。2）根据需要可选择脚注或尾注，并设置注

20、释区域的位置。3）在“格式”选项中，可设置：标记编号格式、自定义标记、起始编号、编号方式（即编号应用方式）。4）在“应用更改”中，可设置是应用在整篇文档，还是应用于当前节。5确定后在该处就插入了一个上标“1”，而光标自动跳到文章最后，前面就是一个上标“1”，这就是输入第一个注释的地方。6将文章最后的上标“1”的格式改成正常（记住是改格式，而不是将它删掉重新输入，否则参考文献以后就是移动的位置，这个序号也不会变），再在它后面输入所插入的注释（格式按杂志要求来慢慢输，好像没有什么办法简化）。 7对着注释前面的“1”双击，光标就回到了文章内容中插入注释的地方，可以继续写文章了。 Acknowledg

21、ementFunction:By acknowledgements, the writer thanks supporters and colleagues, lists the individuals or institutions that supported the research, gives credit to works cited in the text for which permission to reproduce has been granted. Tipsone may properly omit formal thanks for the routine help

22、given by an adviser or a thesis committee. The generic heading: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe heading appears only on the first page, is usually in uppercase(大写) and centered over the text. The format of this page should be the same as for the first page of a chapter. Format of acknowledgements Varieties may

23、exist, but the following points must be present: Thanks to the supervisor (except routine help) Thanks to colleagues who have helped academically Thanks to all that have provided help, including subjects of the research, etc. Useful ExpressionWe express thanks to Mr. A for providing the equipment fo

24、r the electrical measurements.The authors wish to thank X for their financial support of the research described in the paper.We are grateful to X for supporting this work. We wish to thank Mr. A and Mr. B for their assistance in constructing the test-rig(检测平台), and finally Dr. C for helping with the

25、 provision of materials.We thank Mr. A for encouraging this work. We also thank Mr. B for his helpful comments. I am greatly indebted to Mr. A for discussion about this paper and for the guidance over many years.The authors wish to acknowledge the continuous support of the University of X.This work

26、was supported in part by X and the University of Y. We also would like to acknowledge helpful suggestions and comments form Dr A and Dr B.The work was sponsored by X. Partial support from Y is gratefully appreciated.Sample 1: The authors express their gratitude to A, B and C for many helpful discuss

27、ions. Detailed comments by the editor D greatly improved the paper. We benefit from seminar participants at X, Y, and Z. The authors acknowledge support from NSF Grant SBR 9709887 and 9706663 respectively.Exercise：Translation: 作者对王明礼教授对本手稿详细的阅读并提出有益的建议表示诚挚的谢意。同时非常感谢李佳教授和陈曦博士对数据分析方面给予的支持。作者还要感谢武汉钢铁公司

28、对本研究提供样品所给予的帮助。ReferencesThe difference between a Bibliography and References.A bibliography lists works for background or for further reading, these may be books which you read as part of your research, but which were not actually used. References lists specific works that you used in your work.Gen

29、eral Introduction Reference lists books and articles related to a general or highly specialized field of study Function: help the reader locate and consult a particular book or article.Reference works should always be listed in the same manner within a single bibliography for reasons of precision, u

30、niformity and clarity.General Introduction Various types of references are possible, depending on the nature of the book or document in which they are to appear. The following are some of the popular documentation styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, and AMA.Popular documentation styles APA (American Psycholo

31、gy Association): for psychology, education, and other social sciences. MLA (Modern Language Association): most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. Chicago (The Chicago Manual of Style): used with all subjects by books, magazines, newspapers, and oth

32、er non-scholarly publications. AMA (American Medical Association): for medicine, health, and biological sciences.Format of APA styleFormat:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor (& B. Editor) (Ed(s).), Titleofbook(pages of chapter). Location: Pub

33、lisher.Basic rules Authors names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. （姓与名用逗号分开）Then，publishing year in bracketTwo kinds after the time:(1) 列出所引用的文章。文章标题的第一个列出所引用的文章。文章标题的第一个单词的首字母要大写。标题中如有冒号，单

34、词的首字母要大写。标题中如有冒号，冒号后的第一个字母也要大写。文章标题冒号后的第一个字母也要大写。文章标题之后为期刊名、期刊号、所引用文章的该之后为期刊名、期刊号、所引用文章的该期刊的页数。其中期刊名和期刊号用斜体期刊的页数。其中期刊名和期刊号用斜体字或下划线标出。期刊名中每个单词的首字或下划线标出。期刊名中每个单词的首字母均要大写。字母均要大写。（2）列出所引用的书籍。书名的第一个单）列出所引用的书籍。书名的第一个单词的首字母要大写。整个书名用斜体字或词的首字母要大写。整个书名用斜体字或用下划线标出。如果不需说明再版号或卷用下划线标出。如果不需说明再版号或卷号，书名后用句号结束。然后书写出版

35、该号，书名后用句号结束。然后书写出版该书的城市，用冒号引出出版社，最后用句书的城市，用冒号引出出版社，最后用句号结束。号结束。Samples：Articles in journals（1）期刊文章，只有一个作者。 举例： Kember,D.(2001).Orientations to enrolment of part-time students. Higher Education Research & Development, Vol. 20, No. 3, 265-280. （2）期刊文章，有两个作者。 举例： Zhang, W. Y. & Shin, N. M. (200

36、2). Imported or indigenous? A comparative study of three open and distance education models in Mainland China, India and Hong Kong, Open Learning, Vol. 12, No. 2, 167-176. （3）期刊文章，有三至六个作者。 举例： Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). Theres more to self-esteem t

37、han whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, No. 65, 1190-1204. Two or more works by the same author Use the authors name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first出版的先后顺序). Berndt, T.J. (1981). M

38、ental Spaces. New York: Cambridge University Press. Berndt, T.J. (1999). Mappings in thought and language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Same first author and different secondReferences are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second authore.g. Desai, R., & Ghose, H. (1990) De

39、sai, R., & Smith, M. (1990)more than one reference by the same author published in the same yearorganize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. e.g. Berndt, T.J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between fri

40、ends. Developmental Psychology, 17,408-416. Berndt, T.J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.Reference of Chapters in the bookJeffrey, W. E. (1969). Early stimulation and cognitive development. In P. Hill, Ed., Minnesota Symposia on Chi

41、ld Development (vol. 3) (pp. 46-61). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ExercisePlease rearrange the following reference entries according to APA style. (I) Connor, U Linguistic/rhetorical measures for international persuasive student writing, 1990 Research in the Teaching of English, 24, 6

42、7-68 (2)1978, Hollenbeck A, University Park Press, Baltimore, In G. Sackett, Ed., Observing behavior: Data collection and analysis methods.(书名) pp. 79-98, Problems of reliability in observational research(3) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota Symposia on Child Development (vol.3),

43、 pp. 46-61, Jeffrey, W.E. Early stimulation and cognitive development. In J. P. Hell, Ed. 1969 Find out and correct the mistakes with regard to forms and sequence in the following reference entries according to APA style. Grant, S., Contoreggi, C., & London, E. D. (2000). Drug Abusers Show impai

44、red performance in a laboratory test of Decision Making. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1180-1887.Kirby, K. N., Perry, N. M., & W. K. Bickel. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. 3ournal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 78-87.Gibbon,

45、 3. (1986). The structure of subjective time: 20, 105-135. How time flies. Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Blough, D. S. (1998). Context reinforcement degrades discriminative control: a memory approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 24, 185-199.Leshner, A. I. (1997). Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science, 278, 45-47. Lasher, A. L. (1996). Understand