地理信息系统GIS

1、会计学1地理信息系统地理信息系统GIS章节内 容学时绪论2第2章遥感基础知识6第3章GPS基础知识0第4章空间分析的概念框架2第5章GIS数据结构 4第6章空间数据处理6第7章空间分析的主要模块8第8章空间统计学2上机0复习、答疑、考试4课程内容及学时分配教材及参考资料1. Geospatial Analysis: A comprehensive Guide to Principles, Techniques and Software Tools, Third Edition (Smith et al., 2009). The online-version can be accessed vi

2、a http:/ 中文版：地理空间分析-原理、技术与软件工具，电子工业出版社2. GIS A Computing Perspective (Michael Worboys, Matt Duckham, 2004)3. Geographic Information Analysis (David OSullivan, David J. Unwin, 2009)4. ArcGIS实验教程 （汤国安，杨昕编著，科学出版社）考核办法课堂表现：20%作业情况：20%期末考试：60%Geographic Information System GISIntroduction1. What is GIS2.

3、In the beginning. there were maps3. Raster and vector4. GIS = software + data. 5. The significance of scale6. Basic functions of GISGeographic Information System GISWhat is GIS？intuitive description A map with a database behind it. A virtual representation of the real world and its infrastructure. G

4、eographic Information System GISSystem: A group of elements organized in such a way that every element is to some degree interdependent (directly or indirectly) with every other element.ex) Ecosystem, Transportation System, Manufacturing System Geographic Information System GISWhat is GIS?Informatio

5、n:-. Data vs. Information-. Data: acquisition through direct observation or survey-. Information: the data become information when interpreted in some meaningful wayGeographic Information System GISWhat is GIS?Information System:Database System, Data Processing System-. Designed to input data, store

6、 it, manage it, process it, and output it in the form of meaningful information Geographic Information System:A computer-based information system that enables capture, storage, retrieval, sharing, manipulation, analysis, modeling, and presentation of geographically referenced data.Geographic Informa

7、tion System GISWhat is GIS?Geographic Information System GISIn other words, GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially referenced data as well as a set of operations for working with the data. It may also be considered as a higher order map. Geographic Information System

8、GISWhat is GIS?Set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes (Burrough, 1986 )a computer based system that provides four sets of capabilities to handle geo-referenced data : data input data mana

9、gement (data storage and retrieval) manipulation and analysis data output. (Arnoff ,1989 ) Geographic Information System GISWhat is GIS?Geographic Information System GISWhat is GIS? a computer based system spatially referenced data input, manage, analysis, output, shareAdvantages of GIS GIS is good

10、at handling spatial data visualisation of spatial data integrating spatial data framework for: analysis and modelling decision supportGeographic Information System GIS(dis)Advantages of GIS GIS is not so good at handling temporal data visualisation of temporal data integrating spatial and temporal d

11、ata framework for: analysis and modelling of time dependent data volumetric analysis uncertaintyGeographic Information System GISGeographic Information System GISIntroduction1. What is GIS?2. In the beginning. there were maps3. Raster and vector4. GIS = software + data. 5. The significance of scale6

12、. Basic functions of GISGeographic Information System GISWithout map?The story of GIS begins in the world of maps.The natural environment is extremely complexhighly variable (space and time)complicated further by human actionGeographic Information System GIS2.1 Map typesGeographic Information System

13、 GISA Topographic map shows the physical surface features, for example, roads, rivers, buildings.A Contour map shows lines which connect point locations at which a certain property has the same value, for example, height above sea level, isobars showing air pressure.A Choropleth map shows areas char

14、acterised by some general common feature, for example, political maps, agricultural crop types.2.2 Map featuresall map features can be divided into one of four different categories:Geographic Information System GIS? Point (for example, a cross symbol to represent achurch). Line (for example, a yello

15、w line to represent a road). Polygon shape or area (for example, a blue area torepresent a lake). Text (for example, the name of a building).2.2 Map featuresGeographic Information System GISHow is map information translated into digital form and read by a computer?The GIS must be able to store infor

16、mation about: The geometry: the shape and location of the objects. The attributes: the descriptive information known about the objects, normally displayed on a map through symbology and annotation.2. 3 Map informationGeographic Information System GISSpatial Component Location Information Where is it

17、? All of the data in a GIS are georeferenced.Attribute Component Descriptive Information (characteristics) What is it?Geographic Information System GISGeographic Data:Spatial + Attribute .Geographic Information System GISGeographic Data:Geographic Information System GISIntroduction1. What is GIS?2.

18、In the beginning. there were maps3. Raster and vector4. GIS = software + data. 5. The significance of scale6. Basic functions of GISGeographic Information System GIS3.1 Maps in bitsComputers store information in sequences of binary digits (bits), which form a code for every possible number or letter

19、.Geographic Information System GISThis fits with the way maps reference geographical locations on the earths surface, through a system of coordinates.All locations and shapes can be defined in terms of x and y coordinates from a given grid system: it is these numerical values which are used to trans

20、late map information into digital form.Geographic Information System GIS3.2 Vector dataThere are two fundamental methods of storing map information in digital form, raster and vector.In vector data the features are recorded one by one, with shape being defined by the numerical values of the pairs of

21、 xy coordinates.A point is defined by a single pair of coordinate values.A line is defined by a sequence of coordinate pairs defining the points through which the line is drawn.An area is defined in a similar way, only with the first and last points joined to make a complete enclosure.Geographic Inf

22、ormation System GISIn vector data the position and shape of the building is captured as a series of four pairs of numerical coordinates.Geographic Information System GIS3.3 Raster dataIn raster data the entire area of the map is subdivided into a grid of tiny cells. A value is stored in each of thes

23、e cells to represent the nature of whatever is present at the corresponding location on the ground. Raster data can be thought of as a matrix of values.Geographic Information System GISThe values recorded in the cells are either white, blue or red. To reproduce the image the computer reads each of t

24、hese cell values one by one and applies them to the pixels on the screen.Geographical Information System GIS3.4 Vector v RasterVector:Relatively low data volumeFaster displayCan also store attributesLess pleasing to the eyeRaster:Relatively high data volumeSlower displayHas no attribute informationM

25、ore pleasing to the eyeGeographical Information System GISGeographical Information System GISIn this example the raster data looks nicer but, as you zoom in, the pixel structure becomesobvious. Eventually the image looks like a piece of modern art rather than a detail of a map!The definition of the

26、features is dependent upon the size of the individual grid cells theresolution.The vector data is more like a graph with a line drawn between points, the width staying thesame however close you zoom.Geographical Information System GISGeographical Information System GISGeographical Information System

27、 GISGeographical Information System GISGeographical Information System GISIntroduction1. What is GIS?2. In the beginning. there were maps3. Raster and vector4. GIS = software + data. 5. The significance of scale6. Basic functions of GISGeographical Information System GISAny successful example of GIS

28、 is based on two fundamental components: the map data; and the computer software to perform calculations and analysis.Geographical Information System GISThere are many different organisations producing data for use in GIS;There is also a large industry in GIS software with hundreds of companies prod

29、ucing thousands of products.Software: GIS Software ArcGIS(ArcInfo, ArcView), MapInfo, etc. Database MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, dBASE Spatial Data Analysis S-PLUS, SPSS Internet Mapping System - ArcIMS System Analysis Tool CASE, Visio, ModelBuilderGeographical Information System GISGeographical Infor

30、mation System GISPeople: IT Administrators GIS Analysts GIS Technicians Application Experts Spatial Data Analyst End UsersGeographical Information System GISHardware: Computer (PC or UNIX) Digitizer/Scanner Plotter / Printer Network System / GPS Units CD-ROM or Data Storage DevicesGeographical Infor

31、mation System GISGeographical Information System GISIntroduction1. What is GIS?2. In the beginning. there were maps3. Raster and vector4. GIS = software + data. 5. The significance of scale6. Basic functions of GISGeographical Information System GIS5.1 Scale basicsA description of scale can lose its

32、 meaning the scale of the image on screen can depend on the monitor size. The image above may appear 13 mm long on some screens but not others.Geographical Information System GIS5.2 Scale of captureAll GIS packages enable you to zoom in and out on the map data as much as you like. However, all topog

33、raphic data has a scale of capture, that is, the source data was captured at a particular scale, whether this was a paper map or an aerial photo.Geographical Information System GISIt is important to understand the source scale of your data for two fundamental reasons: data from a particular scale sh

34、ould only be viewed within a certain range of magnification for it to make sense visually; and combining two or more datasets together is only appropriate if they have an equivalent scale of capture.5.2 Scale of captureGeographical Information System GIS5.3 GeneralisationThe mapping that most of us

35、recognise has been deliberately simplified.Geographical Information System GIS5.3 GeneralisationThe mapping that most of us recognise has been deliberately simplified.Geographical Information System GIS5.3 GeneralisationThe mapping that most of us recognise has been deliberately simplified.Geographi

36、cal Information System GISGeographical Information System GIS5.3 GeneralisationThe mapping that most of us recognise has been deliberately simplified.Geographical Information System GISGeographical Information System GIS5.3 GeneralisationThe mapping that most of us recognise has been deliberately si

37、mplified.large-scale data when viewed at a small scale (zoomed out), appears cluttered whereas small-scale data when viewed at a large scale (zoomed in), appears very sparse.A cartographer creates these simple, readable maps by selecting information from a larger-scale source. Not all the detail fro

38、m the source map can be shown.Geographical Information System GIS5.3 GeneralisationSometimes it may be necessary to alter a features true survey position slightly to makespace for the map symbols. Furthermore, the thick red lines of an A road are shown much wider on the map than the actual road is o

39、n the ground. This science of small-scale map production is known as generalisation.Geographical Information System GIS5.3 GeneralisationGeographical Information System GIS5.4 Be careful with scale Many GIS data products are created from generalised map sources The effects of generalisation will sho

40、w up if this data is viewed against other more large-scale mapping.Geographical Information System GIS5.4 Be careful with scaleThe generalised data is not wrong, it is just being magnified more than was ever intended.When you zoom in, the deviation of the simplified features from their survey positi

41、on is apparent when the large-scale data becomes visible.Geographical Information System GISIntroduction1. What is GIS?2. In the beginning. there were maps3. Introducing raster and vector4. GIS = software + data. a formula for success5. The significance of scale6. Basic functions of GISGeographical

42、Information System GISBasic functions of GIS?Geographical Information System GISSome examples of GIS in Action:Land Use PlanningGeographical Information System GISSome examples of GIS in Action:Monitoring of deforestationSource: UC Berkeley GIS CenterGeographical Information System GISSome examples

43、of GIS in Action:Find the least cost bike route (in terms of traffic and slope) from and to two user defined pointsGeographical Information System GISSome examples of GIS in Action:3 D Visualization and Terrain Analysis for transportation planningWatershed delineation using digital elevation modelsG

44、eographical Information System GISSome examples of GIS in Action:Source: Geonmonics, Inc. http:/ Information System GISSome examples of GIS in Action:Site and demographic analysis for retail/office location Data Input (Data Model, Data Measurement) Data storage, retrieval and database management Dat

45、a analysis (manipulation, transformation exploration and confirmation) Output (display and product generation)Geographical Information System GISBasic Functions of GISGeographical Information System GISBasic Functions of GISGeographical Information System GISBasic Functions of GISGeographical Inform

46、ation System GISBasic Functions of GISGeographical Information System GISBasic Functions of GISGeographical Information System GISBasic Functions of GISGeographical Information System GISBasic Functions of GISGeographical Information System GISBasic Functions of GISAnswers GIS can giveLocation What

47、is at.Condition Where is it.Trends What has changed since.Patterns What spatial patterns exists.Modelling What if.Spatial Questions. Geographical Information System GISApplication areas Geomorphology （地形学） fluvial, slopes, glaciology, coasts, etc. Hydrology （水文学） flood modelling, water quality, pollution modelling, etc. Soils （土壤学） formation, properties, crop models, etc. Biogeography （生物物理学） vegetation patterns, ecological modelling, etc. Landscape (景观） evaluation, visual impact, carrying capacity, etc. Resources （资源） mapping, assessment, exploitation,