心理学与生活（双语）：5Chapter 11 motivation

1、Chapter 11 Motivationoutlineunderstanding motivatonEating Sexual behaviorMotivation for personal achievementA hierarchy of needs Understanding motivation Motivation is the process involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities动机是激发和维持个体进行活动，并导致该活动朝向某一目标的心理倾向或动

2、力。Functions of Motivational ConceptsTo relate biology to behaviorTo account for behavioral variabilityTo infer private states from public actsTo assign responsibility for actionsTo explain perseverance despite adversitySources of MotivationDrive驱力Drive is defined in biological terms as internal stat

3、es that arise in response to an organisms physical needs.Drive-reduction theory驱力理论Tension reduction is reinforcing, but is not sufficient to explain all types of motivated behavior.Drive Reductionism and HomeostasisDrive-reduction theory驱力理论Drives occur as a result of environmental change and the d

4、esire for an organism to maintain homeostasis (or equilibrium) of the internal environment. Homeostasis 动态平衡is a steady state. People are motivated to maintain a steady state. We engage in behaviors that reduce the tension. Sources of MotivationIncentive诱因Behavior can also be motivated by incentives

5、, external stimuli or rewards that do not relate directly to biological needs.Instinctual Behaviors and LearningInstincts are preprogrammed, species-specific behaviors essential for survival.本能是在进化过程中形成的，由遗传固定下来的一种不学而能的行为模式。James (1890)Freud (1915)Behaviorist and anthropologist(19591939)Question Mot

6、ives are described as hypothetical states because a.they cannot be seen or measured directly.b.they cannot be measured. c.there is no theory of motivation. d.they are questionable.Eating Eating The Physiology of Eating饮食的生理学The Psychology of Eating饮食的心理学The Physiology of Eatingfour tasks:Detect inte

7、rnal food needInitiate and organize eating behaviorMonitor quantity and quality of food eatenDetect when sufficient food has been eaten and stop eatingThe Physiology of Eating Biological Influences on Hunger.Chewing and swallowing provide some sensations of satiety过饱.experimentThe Physiology of Eati

8、ngPeripheral Responses外周反应Cannon (1934) proposed gastric activity in an empty stomach 空胃里的胃部活动was the sole basis for hungerThe Physiology of Eatingstomach contractions are not a necessary condition for hunger.Injections of sugar into the bloodstream will stop the stomach contractions but not the hun

9、ger of an animal with an empty stomach.Human patients who have had their stomachs entirely removed still experience hunger pangsResearch shows gastric distension 胃部扩张caused by ingestion of food causes the individual to stop eating.The Physiology of EatingVentromedial hypothalamus. (VMH)腹内侧下丘脑（饱食中枢）

10、The stop eating center of the brain. Research with rats has shown that: When destroyed the rat continues to eat (becomes hyperphagic贪食的). When stimulated the rat stops eating.Lateral hypothalamus is the start eating center of the brain. (LH)外侧下丘脑（饥饿中枢）When destroyed the rat may stop eating altogethe

11、r (aphagic).When stimulated the rat starts to eat.Central Responses中枢反应中枢反应Obesity and dieting HeredityChildren bear a closer resemblance in weight to their biological parents than adaptive parents.Fat cellsObesity and dietingOther factors that influence hunger include: Aroma of food, 香味Anxiety or d

12、epression, or Boredom.Eating Disorders and Body ImageAnorexia nervosa神经性厌食: Individual weighs less than 85 percent of expected weight, but continues to express fear of becoming fat. Characterized by over- control of food intake. Eating Disorders and Body ImageBulimia nervosa神经性贪食: Characterized by p

13、eriods of intense, out-of control eating, or bingeing, followed by efforts to purge the body of excess calories through self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, and/or fasting.Eating Disorders and Body ImagePrevalence of anorexia nervosa in late-adolescent and young adult females is about 0.5 to

14、1.0 percent.Prevalence of bulimia nervosa during late-adolescent and young adult females is about 1.0 to 3.0 percent.Females are ten times more likely to suffer eating disorders than males.Motivation for Personal AchievementMotivation for Personal AchievementOutline Need for Achievement 成就的需要Atttibu

15、tions for Success and Failure成功与失败的归因Work and Organizational Psychology工作和组织心理学Need for AchievementMurray postulated a need for achievement (n Ach) that varied in strength in different people, and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances. HENRY MURRAY1893-198

16、8 成就动机成就动机是人们希望从事对他有重要意义的、有一定困难的、具有挑战性的活动，在活动中能取得完满的优异结果和成绩，并能超过他人的动机。Need for AchievementMcClelland used the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)主题统觉测验to measure strength of Need for Achievement.David McClelland Need for AchievementThe Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)主题主题统觉测验统觉测验是投射测验的一种。测验中不对被试所编故事的内容

17、进行任何限制，对被试所编故事进行的分析是以被试在每个故事中涉及的主题为核心的，该测验的目的在于通过被试的自由陈述将其内心的动机、情绪等自然投注于故事，从而寻找出个人生活经验、意识、潜意识与其当前心理状态的关系。Need for Achievementn Ach reflected individual differences in the importance of planning and working toward attainment of ones goals.High scores on n Ach reflected upward mobility上进心.High n Ach i

18、ndividuals have a need for efficiency.Likely to earn higher salaries and be promotedEarn higher gradesAtttibutions for Success and FailureAtttibutions for Success and FailureAttributions are judgments about the causes of outcomes that can impact the level of motivation.归因就是关于结果产生的原因的评价，这种评价能对动机产生影响。

19、Atttibutions for Success and FailureAttributions can vary along two dimensions:Locus of control orientation 控制源倾向is a belief that outcomes of our actions are contingent on the following: internal control orientation external control orientationThe dimension of stability versus instability.Ability lu

20、ckTask difficultyeffortexternalinternalunstabestabeAtttibutions for Success and FailurePessimistic attributional style focuses on causes of failure as being internally generated, with the situation and ones role in causing it as stable.Optimistic attributional style attributes failure to external ca

21、uses and to events that are unstable.Causal explanations reverse when the outcome is a success.A Hierarchy of NeedsA Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow posited that the individuals basic motives formed a hierarchy of needs, with needs at each level requiring satisfaction before achieving the next level.A Hierarchy of NeedsBiologi