美国文学简史复习资料1

1、美国文学Part 1. Colonial AmericaPhilip Freneau菲利普弗伦诺1752-1832The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Jonathan EdwardsThe Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True VirtueBenjamin Franklin本杰明富兰克林Poor Richards Almanack穷查理历书；The Autobiography自传Part

2、 2. American RomanticismIt is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature ,the Romantic Period ,which stretches from the end of the 18th century through the out break of Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irvings The Sketch book and ended with Whitman

3、s Leave of Grass.American Romanticism was in essence the expression of a real new experience and contained an alien quality for the simple reason that the spirit of the place was radically new and alien.And it was both imitative and independent.Washington Irving华盛顿欧文1783-1859A History of New York纽约的

4、历史-美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Rip Van Winkle -short storyJames Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯费尼莫尔库珀1789-1851The Spy间谍;The Pioneer拓荒者；;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者Part 3.New England TranscendentalismRalf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生1803-1

5、882Essays散文集:Nature论自然-新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Henry David Threau亨利大卫梭罗1817-1862Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活Henry Wadsworth Longfellow朗费罗An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物(poem)/PNathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Go

6、odman Brown年轻的古德曼布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子-心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像Herman MelvilleMoby Dick/The White Whale莫比迪克/白鲸；Walt WhitmanLeaves of Grass草叶集:Song of Myself自我之歌Emily Dickinson； “Because I could not stop for death” “I no body. ”po

7、emEdgar Allan Poe埃德加爱伦坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-叶芝）The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔李Poem-歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头T诗:The Raven乌鸦;To Hellen致海伦Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Toms Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;Part 4. The age of RealismWilliam Dean Howells 威廉狄恩豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯拉帕姆

8、的发迹; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;23、Henry James小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；Part 5. Local ColorismMark Twain马克吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）-美国文学的一大里程碑The Gilded Age镀金时代 -novel;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利费恩历险记How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事-对美国早期幽默文学的总结O. Henryshort story 短篇小说T

9、he Four Million”四百万 小说集 、“The Gift of the Magi”麦琪的礼物 Part 6. American NaturalismFrank NorrisThe Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);40、Jack London杰克伦敦1876-1916The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤-novel;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;T;Martin Eden马丁伊登;Part 7. The 1920s ImagismEzra Pound艾兹拉庞德1885-1972美国现代诗歌之父Cathay华夏（英译中国诗The

10、 Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）In a station of the Metro-在地铁站里Thomas Stearns EliotThe Waste Land荒原;名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏Robert Frost罗伯特弗罗斯特1874-1963After Apple-picking摘苹果之后)(The Road Not taken没有选择的道路)-poem-Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯菲茨杰拉德1896

11、-1940(迷惘的一代)The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣William Faulkner威廉福克纳1897-1962短篇小说：;The Sound and the Fury

12、愤怒与喧嚣;；Short story -A Rose For Emily给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰Theodore Dreiser西奥多德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹-Novel;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Arthur Miller;The Death of a Salesman推销员-Play; 了不起的盖茨比表现了“美国梦”的幻灭，这部小说谴责以托姆为代表的美国特权阶级自私专横，为所欲为，以同情的态度描写了盖

13、茨比的悲剧，并指出他的悲剧来自他对生活和爱情的幻想，对上层社会缺乏认识。 惠特曼是美国著名的民主诗人，他歌颂民主自由，体现了美国人民对民主的渴望，他赞美人民创造性的劳动，他的诗给人以积极向上的生机勃勃的精神。创造了自由体诗，不受格律，韵脚是限制和束缚，人思想和语言自由自在的发挥。1.AmericanPuritanism：American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some ext

14、ent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe. On the one hand, American Puritans were all idealist as their European brothers. They came to the new continent with the dream that they would built the new land

15、to an Eden on earth.On the other hand, American Puritans were more practical maybe because the severe conditions they faced.Symbolism（象征主义）lots of American writers liked to employ symbolism in their works. (typical way of Puritans who thought that all the simple objects existing in the world connote

16、d deep meaning.) Symbolism means using symbols in literary works. The symbol means something represents or stands for abstract deep meaning.American RomanticismIt is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature ,the Romantic Period ,which stretches from the end of the 18th

17、 century through the out break of Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irvings The Sketch book and ended with Whitmans Leave of Grass.American Romanticism was in essence the expression of a real new experience and contained an alien quality for the simple reason that the spirit of

18、 the place was radically new and alien.And it was both imitative and independentAmericanRealismIn American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned

19、from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Mark Twain, William Dean Howells,He

20、nry JamesAmericanNaturalismAmerican Naturalism refers to a kind of literature that applies objective scientific principles to its study section of human beings. It implies a philosophical meaning instead of literature technique. Famous American Naturalistic writers would include Abraham Cahan, Steph

21、en Crane and Frank Norris; they were deeply influenced by Charles Darwins evolution theory which believe that ones heredity and social situation limit ones charactera new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的现实主义，产生悲观的流派 ，产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末，因为Perception of societys disorders 对社会无序的感知。Presenting

22、 characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活。The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, th

23、e religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。 Deterministic 决定论，宿命的 Imagism 意象派：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist

24、 Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration.、 Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a

25、civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.【F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 了不起的盖茨比 novel；Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”太阳照样升起 “A Farwell to Arms”告别了，武器；William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 喧嚣与骚动】 The beat Generationthe second world war the school of literature popular in the United States. The schools of writers