汉英翻译(下)教案

1、汉英翻译（下）教案主讲：魏志成教授第8单元I 提示原文来源岳阳楼记作者是北宋作家范仲淹（1892-1941），原文选自戴抗选、谢百魁译，1996年,中国历代散文一百篇。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。（3个译文所依据的原文版本有差异，这些差异主要体现在断句和标点符号。由此而产生的译文差异不在详细讨论之中）译文来源译文1选自戴抗选、谢百魁译，1996年,中国历代散文一百篇。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。译文2选自中国文学出版社编, 1998年，中国文学古代散文卷汉英对照, 外语教学与研究出版社&中国文学出版社。译文3为罗经国译，选自英语学习2003年第10期。语体特征与翻译策略 篇章 范仲淹是北宋（9

2、60-1127）朝抵抗西夏侵略的名将。他像许多官吏一样，曾经被罢去官职；也像许多封建时代的官吏一样，官职虽然被罢免，但是对朝廷的忠心与思念不改。范仲淹的忧民之情至今被人称道，他在岳阳楼记提出的“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”的亲民思想影响后世至深。 句式 文章多为短句，但是像“刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上，属予作文以记之”这样的SVOC长句也仍见于其中。这些长短相间的句子构成了文章大气的节奏。 语义 文字工整对称。大量入用赋体，四字句如珠走玉盘。“日星隐耀，山岳潜形”，“浮光跃金，静影沉璧”，工于对仗，协和音律。“明”、“惊”、“顷”、“青”、“金”等，合辙叶韵，增强了文章的音乐感，读来舌端润畅，听

3、来耳中清晰。 翻译策略 翻译的审美主体就是译者，译者在翻译实践的审美活动中要发挥审美主体的审美功能，使审美意识尽量处于最佳能动状态。翻译审美功能具有稳定性和可变性这样双重的能动性。一般说来，在翻译中保证审美功能的稳定性是不难做到的，因为语言形式的运用从根本上说是语言现实，优美的词章是客观存在的。但是翻译审美的可变性却是一个仁者见仁、智者见智的问题。这首先是因为原文的模糊性审美构成是非定量的、流变的。再者，在翻译中，语言形式的运用变化在特定的语篇中也是一个常数，但是作者的神思、文章的寓意、读者的感受却都是变数。因此，译者必须使自己的审美功能具有充分的可变性，以把握审美客体的模糊性审美构成。汉语典

4、籍的翻译，需要译者更多地关注翻译语言的简洁性、虚词的结构性。 译文2美感总体上逊色于译文1、3，因为句式单调，缺乏变化，如when从句太多等。 II 译法要点8.1变通：阐释或注释(II) 8.2 变通：SVO时间主语句8.3所指与能指 8.4夸张与Hyperbole8.5翻译审美功能的可变性 8.6误译：地名8.7拟声与Onomatopoeia（II） 8.8文化翻译与文化传真8.9语段层次关系 8.10 语言接触与音译移植8.11数量夸张 8.12 呼应：SVoO名词主语句8.13简洁与达意 8.14模糊性审美8.15 变通：还原 8.16重复与Repetition (II) 8.17顺译

5、：叹词III 原文与译文【原文】岳阳楼记庆历四年春，滕子京谪守巴陵郡。越明年，政通人和，百废具兴。乃重修岳阳楼，增其旧制，刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上，属予作文以记之。予观夫巴陵胜状，在洞庭一湖。衔远山，吞长江。浩浩汤汤，横无际涯。朝晖夕阳，气象万千，此则岳阳楼之大观也，前人之述备矣。 然则北通巫峡，南极潇湘，迁客骚人，多会于此，览物之情，得无异乎？若夫淫雨霏霏，连月不开。阴风怒号，浊浪排空，日星隐耀，山岳潜形。商旅不行，樯倾楫摧。薄雾冥冥，虎啸猿啼。登斯楼也，则有去国怀乡，忧谗畏讥，满目萧然，感极而悲者矣。至若春和景明，波澜不惊。上下天光，一碧万顷。沙鸥翔集，锦鳞游泳。岸芷汀兰，郁郁青青。而或长烟一

6、空，皓月千里。浮光跃金，静影沉璧。渔歌互答，此乐何极。登斯楼也，则有心旷神怡，宠辱皆忘，把酒临风，其喜洋洋者矣。嗟夫！予尝求古仁人之心，或异二者为之，何哉？不以物喜，不以己悲。居庙堂之高，则忧其民；处江湖之远，则忧其君。是进亦忧、退亦忧。然则何时而乐耶？其必曰：先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐欤？噫！微斯人，吾谁与归！【译文】译文1Yueyang PavilionIn the spring of the fourth year of the Qingli period, Teng Zijing was relegated to the position of the prefect of Bal

7、ing. The following year witnessed a great change there in terms of the smooth conduct of government and the harmonious human relations as well as the resumption of a great many neglected undertakings. Thus Yueyang Pavilion was rebuilt on a scale larger than before and was graced with the inscription

8、s of the poems and rhythmic prose of the Tang and contemporary celebrities. I was requested to write something to mark the event.In my view, the grandeur of Baling lies only in Lake Dongting, which looks as if it were holding in its mouth the distant mountains and gulping down the Yangtse River. Bou

9、ndless and marvellous, it presents in the morning sunshine and the evening twilight a most gorgeous spectacle. This is the general view from the pavilion, already described in full by our predecessors. However, since the lake connects with the Wu Gorge in the north and ends at the Xiao and Xiang riv

10、ers in the south, many demoted or banished officials and literati often gather here. Can there be no shades of difference in their feelings when admiring the scenery?If the continous drizzle does not let up for several months on end, one can hear the bleak wind howling and see the turbid waves surgi

11、ng to the sky. The brilliance of the sun and the stars are eclipsed and the shapes of the mountains and hills become obscured. The merchants and travellers are stopped on their way, staying in boats with declined masts and broken oars, while the light being so dim at dusk, one can fancy tigers roars

12、 and monkeys gibbers. So the ascent to the pavilion is associated with the nostalgia in exile and the fear of slanders and taunts. Confronted with such disconsolate scenes, one is apt to be moved to the extreme and feel much saddened.As for the days when spring weather is mile and sunny, nature is l

13、it with a bright smile, and the waves being halcyon, the sky and the lake are tinged with the same hue, making up an infinitely huge canvas of light blue, on which white gulls are hovering in bevies and fish shimmering with silvery scales. And the lake shores adorned with irises and sandbars dotted

14、with orchids are all enshrouded in a sweet and lush green. Sometimes the broad firmament is clear of all mist, a bright moon shines over the vast lake gleaming with a golden glow, and the moons reflection in the watery mirror reminds one of a sunken jade. And then the fishmens song are heard to be e

15、choing one another. What an unbounded joy! In such a case, ascent to the pavilion gives one a broadened mind and eased heart, with credit and discredit both forgotten. Holding a winecup in the wind, one is overflowing with happiness.Oh, I have tried to probe the souls of the noble ancients. Their fe

16、elings might differ from the above two.Why? Because they were not glad of things adventitious, or sad for the sake of themselves. Positioned high at court, they worried about the people. Banished to remote regions, they worried about their sovereigns. Thus they were carefree in neither case. Then, a

17、t what time would they feel happpy? They were sure to say:”Worry before all others have worried, rejoice after all others have rejoiced.” Who should I emulate, if not people of this type?译文2 Yueyang PavilionIn the spring of the fourth year of the region of Qingli, Teng Zijing was banished from the c

18、apital to be governor of Baling Prefecture. After he had governed the district for a year, the administration became efficient, the people became united, and all things that had fallen into disrepair were given a new lease on life. Then he restored Yueyang Pavilion, adding new splendour to the origi

19、nal structure and having inscribed on it poems by famous men of the Tang Dynasty as well as the present time. And he asked me to write an essay to comemmorate this. Now I have found that the finest sights of Baling are concentrated in the region of Lake Dongting. Dongting, nibbling at the distant hi

20、lls and gulping down the Yangtze River, strikes all beholders as vast and infinite, presenting a scene of boundless variety; and this is the superb view from Yueyang Pavilion. All this has been described in full by writers of earlier ages. However, since the lake is linked with Wu Gorge in the north

21、 and extends to the Xiao and Xiang rivers in the south, many exiles and wandering poets gather here, and their reactions to these sights vary greatly. During a period of incessant rain, when a spell of a bad weather continues for more than a month, when louring winds bellow angrily, tumultuous waves

22、 hurl themselves agianst the sky, sun and stars hide their light, hills and mountains disappear, merchants have to halt in their travels, masts collapse and oars splinter, the day darkens and the roars of tigers and howls of monkeys are heard, if men come to this pavilion with a longing for home in

23、their hearts or nursing a feeling of bitterness because of taunts and slander, they may find the sight depressing and fall prey to agitation or despair. But during the mild and bright spring weather, when the waves are unruffled and the azure translucence above and below stretches before your eyes f

24、or myriads of li, when the water-birds fly down to congregate on the sands and fish with scales like glimmering silk disport themselves in the water, when the iris and orchids on the banks grow luxuriant and green; or when dusk fall over this vast expanse and bright moon casts its light a thousand l

25、i, when the rolling waves glitter like gold and silent shadows in the water glimmer like jade, and the fishermen sing to each other for sheer joy, then men coming up to this pavilion may feel complete freedom of heart and ease of spirit, forgetting every worldly gain or setback, to hold their winecu

26、ps in the breeze in absolute elation, delighted with life. But again when I consider the men of old who possessed true humanity, they seem to have responded quite differently. The reason, perhaps, may be this: natural beauty was not enough to make them happy, nor their own situation enough to make t

27、hem sad., When such men are high in the government or at court, their first concern is for the people; when they retire to distant streams and lakes, their first concern is for their sovereign. Thus they worry both when in office and when in retirement. When, then, can they enjoy themselves in life?

28、 No doubt they are concerned before anyone else and enjoy themselves only after everyone else finds enjoyment. Surely there are the men in whose footsteps I should follow!译文3 The Yueyang TowerIn the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was exiled to Baling jun to be the prefect there. In

29、 the second year of his office, because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and contentment, and all previous neglected matters were taken care of. The Yueyang Tower was renovated and enlarged, and inscribed on its wall were the poetry and the rhymed prose of learned men of the Ta

30、ng and the present dynasty. I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing.The beauty of Baling centers round the Dongting Lake, which holds the mountain ranges in the distance and swallows the water of the Yangtze River. It is so vast and mighty that it seems boundless. Dazzling in the

31、morning sun and fading in the gray evening mist, it offords a myriad of scenes. This is the magnificent view that the Yueyang Tower commands, of which many descriptions have been written. This beautiful scenic spot is linked with the Wu Gorge in the north and the Xiao and Xiang Rivers in the south.

32、Exiled officials and poets often gather here. How could there be no difference in their feelings?In the rainy season, an unbroken spell of wet weather lasts for months. Chilly winds howl and turbid waves surge sky high. The sun and the stars lose their luster, and the mountain ranges are scarcely vi

33、sible. Merchants and travelers have to put off their voyage, for the masts of the shipd have collapsed and their oars broken. It is dark towards evening, and the roaring of tigers and the cry of monkeys can be heard. At such a time anyone ascending the tower will be filled with nostalgia for the imp

34、erial court and his home as well as fears of calumny and derision against him. Around him is a scene of desolation. Emotions well up in him so strong that he feels pain at heart.In springtime it is warm and the sun is bright. The Lake is tranquil and it merges with the azure sky into a vast expanse

35、of blue. The water-birds are playing, some fluttering in the sky, some gathering together on the sandbars. Fishes of varied hues are swimming merrily in the water. The sweet-smelling grass by the banks and the faintly scented orchids on the sandy beaches are lush and green. Sometimes, when the mist

36、over the Lake vanishes, the glorious moon shines over the vast land, its brightness glistening with golden light on the lake. The reflection of the moon is like a piece of jade in the depths of the water. The fishermens songs chime in with each other. How delightful they are! On ascending the Tower

37、at such a time, one will feel spiritual uplift, caring for neither glory nor shame. With a cup of wine in the gentle breeze, he will enjoy the greatest happiness in life!Ah! I have tried to study the minds of people of lofty ideals in ancient times. Perhaps they were different from the people I ment

38、ioned above. Why is this? The reason is that they were not thrown into ecstasies over their success, nor felt depressed over their failures. When they were in high positions at court, they were concerned about people. When they were in remote places, they were concerned about their emperor. They wor

39、ried when they got promoted or when they were sent into exile. Then, when were they happay? They would say:”To be first to worry about the affairs of the state and the last to enjoy oneself.”Alas! Who else should I seek company with save them? IV 比较分析与译法（1） 庆历四年春，滕子京谪守巴陵郡。译文1 In the spring of the fo

40、urth year of the Qingli period, Teng Zijing was relegated to the position of the prefect of Baling. 译文2 In the spring of the fourth year of the region of Qingli, Teng Zijing was banished from the capital to be governor of Baling Prefecture. 译文3 In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing

41、 was exiled to Baling jun to be the prefect there.8.1变通：阐释或注释(II) 相对于现代汉语文本而言，汉语典籍的传统文化特征应该说更加强烈一些。有些传统文化信息的表达在英语文化中是空缺的。因此，在面对这样一些传统文化特征非常浓厚的表达时，我们认为双语转换中可以适当地采用阐释或注释，目的是以利于读者的理解。譬如原文中出现的“庆历四年”和“巴陵郡”，就是两个传统汉语文化特征极强的表达。“庆历四年”，指的是宋仁宗庆历四年，即公元1044年；“巴陵郡”，指的是现在位于湖南省的岳阳市。考虑整个译文语篇并不是有太多的地方需要采取括号阐释法，所以我们还是

42、建议译文可以修改为：446 In the spring of the fourth year of the Qingli period(1044), Teng Zijing was banished from the capital to be governor of Baling Prefecture( now known as Yueyang City in Hunan Province).（2） 越明年，政通人和，百废具兴。译文1 The following year witnessed a great change there in terms of the smooth conduc

43、t of government and the harmonious human relations as well as the resumption of a great many neglected undertakings.译文2 After he had governed the district for a year, the administration became efficient, the people became united, and all things that had fallen into disrepair were given a new lease o

44、n life. 译文3 In the second year of his office, because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and contentment, and all previous neglected matters were taken care of. 8.2 变通：SVO时间主语句汉语的时间常常作为状语或主语补语，虽然时间主语也是存在的。与汉语相比，英语虽然也有常常将时间作为状语或主语补语，但是时间主语的用法却比汉语更常见，而且英语时间主语句都可以用于英语的5种基本句型：(魏志成.20

45、03：356-367)447Thursday came:all work had been completed the previous evening.(C.Bronte:Jane Eyre. SV时间主语句)448My first quarter seemed an age; and not the golden age either.（C.Bronte:Jane Eyre. SVC时间主语句）449The nights and mornings no longer by their Canadian temperature froze the very blood in our vein

46、.（C.Bronte:Jane Eyre. SVO时间主语句）450The forty years, 1840-1888, brought almost ten million migrants to America.（P.Bromhead: Life in Modern American. SVoO时间主语句的变式）451Morning would break, and find him there.（N.Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter. SV及SVOC时间主语句）汉英转换时，我们可以从语篇的角度适当地运用英语时间主语来处理汉语主题时间状语。如下面一个例子：452

47、这几天心里颇不宁静。（朱自清荷塘月色） 译文1： I have felt quite upset recently.（Tr.朱纯深）译文2： The last few days have found me very restless.（Tr.杨宪益、戴乃迭）在例452中，译文2就运用了英语SVOC时间主语句来转换原文的主题时间状语句，显得比译文1更具有语篇意识上的翻译策略性。就原文“越明年”一句的3个译文而言，虽然3个译文都完成了达意的任务，但是译文1因为使用了SVO时间主语句来变通原文的主题状语句，而显得更为地道、更为可取。（3）1乃重修岳阳楼，2增其旧制，3刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上，4属予作文

48、以记之。译文1 Thus Yueyang Pavilion was rebuilt on a scale larger than before and was graced with the inscriptions of the poems and rhythmic prose of the Tang and contemporary celebrities. I was requested to write something to mark the event. 译文2 Then he restored Yueyang Pavilion, adding new splendour to

49、the original structure and having inscribed on it poems by famous men of the Tang Dynasty as well as the present time. And he asked me to write an essay to comemmorate this.译文3 The Yueyang Tower was renovated and enlarged, and inscribed on its wall were the poetry and the rhymed prose of learned men

50、 of the Tang and the present dynasty. I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing.8.3所指与能指原文是一个由4个分句组成的主动语态并列句，只不过是句中的主语都因语境而省略。分句12都是SVO结构，分句34为SVOC结构。3个译文中，译文2采取顺译的方式保留了原文的语态或句式结构，译文1、3辨证地采取了变通-语态和句式结构都发生了转换。从语言符号学的所指与能指理论来看，译文2的顺译有明显的不妥。什么是所指和能指理论？人们一般把日常的实用性语言和科技语言的符号归为所指优势符号，因为其符

51、号特征是直接使能指（形式）指向所指（内容），从而使所指部分显得十分重要；把文学语言符号归为能指优势符号，因为文学符号的特点是形式与内容的关系是截然不可分开的，在许多情况下，抛弃了形式就是抛弃了意义。 所指优势符号的符码是一种强制性的，使解释者按严格的规定来理解，尽量排斥不同的解释，使编码有一定权威性，能指与所指的关系具有单一性和透明性。所以十分适用于科学与实用文本。能指符号的符码不指向具体客体，而是使符码具有象征性，形象性，隐喻性等诸多特点，具有这些特点的文学语言往往会有多种解释，能指与所指之间都不是一种强制性关系，解释者会从不同的角度去理解同一句话。这种结果正是文学符号的能指所优势性所引起的

52、，使得符码失去了强制性。（吕俊.2001：88-95）如译文2所示，增添的主语he（指在岳阳主政的滕子京）成为了句中一系列动作的施动者-这一系列动作包括“重修restore”“增add to”“刻inscribe”“属ask”等。很明显，译文2所表达的能指与所指关系是单一的、强制性的、排斥其他解释的。但是根据事实或语境逻辑推理，这些动作-除了“属ask”之外-并非he（滕子京）亲自所做，而是他命令或指示其他人所做。那么，到底是谁在亲自实施“重修”“增”“刻”这些动作？原文并没有交代，也没有必要交代-这就是文学语言的复义性，解释者会从多种视角去理解这句话。译文1、3将原文主动语态变通为被动语态也

53、就避免了这个障碍，（关于主动变通为被动的语用理据还可以参见10.8）而且留下同样的空白和空缺给译文读者去想象。随着语态的转换，译文1、3的句式也就自然发生相应的转换，于是译文也就更加流畅地表达了原文语义。考虑到诸如炼词、合译、句式、阐释等其他因素，我们建议在译文3的基础上将译文综合性修改为： 453The Yueyang Tower was renovated and enlarged, where were inscribed the poetry and the rhymed prose of the Tang (618-907) and contemporary celebrities.

54、 I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing. （4）予观夫巴陵胜状，在洞庭一湖。衔远山，吞长江。浩浩汤汤，横无际涯。朝晖夕阳，气象万千，译文1 In my view, the grandeur of Baling lies only in Lake Dongting, which looks as if it were holding in its mouth the distant mountains and gulping down the Yangtse River. Boundless and marvello

55、us, it presents in the morning sunshine and the evening twilight a most gorgeous spectacle. 译文2 Now I have found that the finest sights of Baling are concentrated in the region of Lake Dongting. Dongting, nibbling at the distant hills and gulping down the Yangtze River, strikes all beholders as vast

56、 and infinite, presenting a scene of boundless variety; 译文3 The beauty of Baling centers round the Dongting Lake, which holds the mountain ranges in the distance and swallows the water of the Yangtze River. It is so vast and mighty that it seems boundless. Dazzling in the morning sun and fading in t

57、he gray evening mist, it offords a myriad of scenes. 8.4夸张与Hyperbole作为修辞格，汉语夸张与英语Hyperbole都是指故意运用夸大或超越客观事实的说法来渲染强调某事物，以求给人突出的印象。另外，汉语夸张与英语Hyperbole，在形式或内容方面也都存在着许多共性。（李国南.1999：130-154）从手段上来看，夸张/Hyperbole可以分为直接夸张和融合夸张两类。第一类、直接夸张。所谓直接夸张就是不借助于其他修辞手段，而直接采用夸大或缩小的词项进行夸张。如：454同车的人告诉她：“黑龙江人常说，这里的土，插根筷子都会发芽。

58、”（丁玲杜晚香。通过“插根筷子都会发芽”来直接夸大黑龙江土地的肥沃。）455A grizzle old soldier was sobbing like a child.The immense sound rolled through the hall, burst windows and doors and soared into the quiet sky.(John Reed, Ten Days That Shock the World通过burst windows and doors来直接夸大老战士的哭声之大。)第二类、融合夸张。所谓融合夸张就是指借助于其他修辞手段来进行夸张。常借用的修辞手段有比喻、拟人和借代。其中以借用比喻为最常见。456君不见高堂明镜悲白发，朝如青丝暮成雪。（李白将进酒。借用“朝如青丝暮成雪”这个比喻来夸大人生的短暂。）457 A man with a mouth like a mastiff, a