最全面英国文学史知识点总结

1、叮叮小文库英国文学史I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf> 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.Artistic features:1. Using all

2、iterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound （头韵）Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for English

3、men to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟 13401400（首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（ John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父” 。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。 ）The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. <The Canterbury Tales> 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet （双韵体） by middle English <Troilu

4、s and Criseyde> 特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 <The House of Fame> 声誉之宫Medieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance（ 传奇故事）Famous three： King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfii The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance

5、.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. n

6、ew discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞 15521599(后人称之为 “诗人的诗人”。)The poets' poet. The first to

7、be buried in the Poet 's corner of Westerminster Abbey <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “ Armsand the man” ,but something more romantic “ Fiercewars and faithfulllovesArtistic features:1.Using Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines

8、 ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. <The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.<Amoretti>爱情小唱？2. Thomas? More 托马斯？莫尔 14781535One of the greatest English humanists<Utopia>乌托邦3. Francis? Bacon 弗兰西斯培根 15611626(

9、哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学 的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。)Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.?Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man ' s reas

10、on. <The Advancement of Learning> 学术的推进 <Essays> 随笔(famous quotas: <Of studies)？The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.4. Ben Jonson <Comedy of Humours <Volpone, or the fox> 狐狸5. Christopher? Marlow

11、e 柯里斯托弗马洛 15641595“University Wits ” , the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝？<The Jew ofMalta马耳他的犹太人6. William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亚 15641616? Historical pla

12、ys: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ; Richard II ; Henry VIIIFour Comedies四大喜剧：< As You Like It> 皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night> 第十二夜；< A Midsummer Night ' S Dream> 仲夏夜之梦；Merchant Of Venice> 威尼斯商人Four Tragedies四大悲剧：<Hamlet>哈姆莱特；<Othello> 奥赛罗；< King Lear> 李尔王;&

13、lt;Macbeth>麦克白 Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The SonnetsThree quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III The 17th Century1. John Milton 约翰弓尔尔顿 16081674（诗人、政论家；失明后写失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。） Epics:P

14、aradise Lost> 失乐园Paradise? Regained复乐园 Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes> 力士参孙<Areopagitica>论出版自由？<The Defence of the English People> 为英国人民声辩 <On His Blindness> 我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme

15、 is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.2. John Bunyan 约翰班扬 16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet（清教徒派诗人） Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim ' s Progress天路历程3. John Donnethe

16、Metaphysical poet（玄学派诗人）.Metaphysical Poetry（玄学诗）：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,（ 形式）the form is frequently an argument with the poet' s beloved, with god, or with himself. （主题：love, religious, thought ）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery 奇思妙喻2. syllogism 三段论Medi

17、tations沉思录The Flea 虱子 Songs And SonnetsHoly Sonnets Valediction:<Forbidding Mourning>IV The 18th CenturyA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion（抑制情感 ）and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the

18、 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason（rationality）, equality&science（the 18th century）小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised（realistic novel 现实主义小说 ）Gothic novel（哥特式小说 ）:mystery, horror, castles（from middle part to the end of c

19、entury）1. Alexander? Pope 亚历山大蒲柏 16881744（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其1f多用“英雄双韵体"/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）One of the first to introduce rationalism to England. <An Essay on Criticism批评论Artistic features:I.Using “ heroic couplets ”<The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记 <Moral Essays道德论<Essay on Man

20、> 人论<The Dunciad愚人记2. Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔约翰逊 17091784CD Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language> 英语大词典3. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特16671745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。）Gulliver' s Travels格列佛游记（fictional work）Four parts:Lilliput 小人国Brobdingnag大人国Flying Island飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛<A

21、 Modest Proposal一个小小的建议 <The Battle of Books书战<A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事<The Drapper' s Letters一个麻布商的书信4. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福 16601731小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and h

22、e is the founder of realistic novel.<Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goe

23、s to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. <Moll Flanders> <Colonel Jacque> <Captain singleton>5. Henry Fielding 亨利菲尔丁 17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父"。）He is called “ Father

24、of English novel ”. He was the first to write a “ Comic epic in prose ”（散文体史诗 ）,and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃婴汤姆琼斯<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews约瑟夫安德鲁<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great大诗

25、人江奈生威尔德<Amelia>爱米利亚 plays:<The Historical Register for 1736一七三六年历史记事<Don Quixote in England堂吉柯德在英国6. Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗格尔德斯密斯17301774 poems:<The Traveller旅游人<The Deserted Village> 荒村 novel:<The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德牧师传7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德布林斯利施莱登 17511816 <T

26、he Rivals> 情敌 <The School for Scandal造谣学校8. William Blake 威廉布莱克 17571827 <Songs of Innocence> 天真之歌A happy and innocent world from children' s eye. <Songs of Experience> 经验之歌A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: <

27、The Chimney Sweeper<London><The Tyger>Lamb is a symbol of peace and purityTyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell> 天堂与地狱的婚姻9. Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯 17591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方

28、言写的诗<John Anderson, My Jo>约翰安德生，我的爱人<A Red, Red Rose> 一朵红红的玫瑰<Auld Long? Syne>往昔时光 <A Man' s a Man for A' That>不管那一套<My Heart' s in the Highlands>我的心在那高原上 <Bruce At Bannockburn> <The Tree Of Liberty>s <LyricalV The Romantic PeriodThe romantic

29、period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridgeend in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott' s death.Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual ' s mind.（人应该是独立自 由的个体 ）In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civiliza

30、tion to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets” 湖畔诗人 ,who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Tayl

31、or Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯 17701850(与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets)Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “ strength and k

32、nowledge fullof peace2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils( 水仙)and poet'

33、; s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.D Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女D <The Prelude序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治 17721834 The Lake Poets <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner> 古舟子颂 Christabel柯里斯塔贝尔<Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features

34、: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory<Frost at Night>半夜冰霜Dejection, an Ode> 忧郁颂Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron 乔治戈登拜伦 17881824(拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。)“Byronichero "i

35、s a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. <Don Juan> 唐璜<Childe Harold ' s Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗德尔游记<Cain>该隐When We Two Parted>当初我们俩分别<She Walks In Beauty>4. Persy Bysshe Shelley 波西？比希？雪莱 17921822 Poetic Drama:Prometheus Un

36、bound> 解放了 的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies man ' s victoranneatyr oppressionQueen Mab>麦布女王Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<The Cenci> 钦契一家A Defence of Poetry> 诗辩<The Necessity of Atheism> 无神论的必要性 Lyrics:<Ode to the West Wind> 西风颂Theme: The author express his eagerness to en

37、joy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead t

38、hings, implying not just an arc of life （which would end at death） but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The r

39、hyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features:Using rerza rima（三行诗 aba bcb cdc ded efe ）<To a Skylark致云雀5. John? Keats 约翰？济慈 17951821（“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。） Four g

40、reat odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn> 希腊古瓮颂<Ode to a Nightingale> 夜莺颂<Ode to Psyche心灵颂<Ode On Melancholy> 忧郁颂 <To Autumn> 秋颂？Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall

41、season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the

42、evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periodsin a day.6. Jane Austen 简奥斯丁 17751817She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. <Sense and Sensibility理智与感情<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见(ch

43、apter I)【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham shown the dangers of feckless relationships

44、unsupported by money.Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh comic characters<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园<Emma>爱玛<Northanger Abbey> 诺桑觉寺<Persuasion> 劝导7. Walter? Scott 沃尔特？斯科特 17711832(历史小说之父")Father of history novels<Rob Roy> 罗伯？罗伊<Ivanhoe> 艾凡赫V

45、I The Victorian PeriodCommon sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯 浜更斯 18121870(批判现实主义小说家)critical realist writer <The Posthumous Papers of the Pick

46、wick Club> 匹克威克外传Oliver Twist>奥利弗？特维斯特(雾都孤儿) <The Old Curiosity Shop> 老古玩店 <A Christmas Carol> 圣诞颂歌Dombey and Son>董贝父子David Copperfield大卫？科波菲尔Bleak House>荒凉山庄Hard Times>艰难时世A Tale of Two Cities> 双城记(London & Paris) <Great Expectations> 远大前程<Our Mutual Frien

47、d>我们共同的朋友2. William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉？麦克匹斯？萨克雷 18111863Vanity Fair> or a Novel without a Hero 名禾U场(the name is an excerpt from <The Pilgrim ' s Progress>by John Bunyan)DThe Book Of Snobs>3. Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂？勃朗特 18161855 <Jane Eyre>简？爱Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan

48、, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall. There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood Schoo

49、lIt is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.D <Shirley> 雪莉D <Professor> 教师4. Emily Bronte 艾米莉？勃朗特 18181854 < Wutheri

50、ng? Heights> 呼啸山庄A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.TheEarnshaw Family Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, HeathcliffThe Linton Family Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella < Old Stoic>5. George 曰iot 乔治？艾略特 18191880<The Mill on th

51、e Floss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊< Adam? Bede>亚当？比德 < Silas? Marner>织工马南< Middlemarch>米德尔马契6. Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗莱德？丁尼生 18091892（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） < In Memoriam> 悼念To memorialize his friend < Break,? Break, Break冲击、冲击、冲击 < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗7. Robert? Bro

52、wning 罗伯特？白朗宁 18121889< My Last Dutchess我已故的公爵夫人 < Home Thoughts From Abroad海外乡思Elizabeth Barrett Browing: <Sonnet from the Portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗8. Robert Louis StevensonTreasure Island>金专艮岛9. Thomas? Hardy 托马斯？哈代 18401928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environmen

53、t）（1） Novels < Tess Of The D' Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration< Jude The Obscure无名的裘德 < Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下 < Far From? The Madding Crowd远离尘嚣 < The Mayor Of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长 < The Return of the Native还乡 PoemsWessex Poems

54、 And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列国VII 19001950 The 20th CenturyPlaywrights Oscar Wilde George Bernard Shaw1. Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡？王尔德 18561900(The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art ' s Sake) 4 Comedies:<The Importance Of Being Earnest> 认真的重要<Lady Windermere' s Fan

55、>温德米尔夫人的扇子 <A Woman Of No Importance> 一个无足轻重的女人<An Ideal Husband理想的丈夫 Novel:<The Picture Of Dorian Gray多利安 搐雷的画像 Fairy Stories:<The Happy Prince And Other Tales快乐王子故事集2. George Bernard Shaw 乔治？伯纳？萧 18561950（英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist Plays Plays Unpleasant<Mrs W

56、arren ' S Profession华伦夫人的职业Widowers 'Houses鳏夫的房产 Plays Pleasant<Arms And Man>武器与人<The Man Of Destiny>左右命运的人 Plays<Man And Superman人与超人Pygmalion匹格玛禾U翁<The Apple Cart> 苹果车<Saint? Joan圣女贞德Novelists (Realists)1. Joseph Concrad<Lord Jim>吉姆爷 <Heart Of Darkness黑暗的心1

57、 .Why the book ' s title is Heart of Darkness?The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people ' ssin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans' heart.2 .What is the symbolism of black and white【Black / dark- death, evil, ig

58、norance, mystery, savagery, uncivilizedMiddle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages.According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light.According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was

59、 considered to be in the“ dark stage ”.White / light life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion.Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind.White also suggests any number of u