人教版必修一Unit4 Earthquakes语法篇学生版

1、Unit4 Earthquakes-语法篇_通过本节课的学习掌握关系代词引导的定语从句。定语从句（）关系代词的用法复合句中修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句。它所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。它的基本构成：先行词+关系词+定语从句。连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系词的主要作用是连接主句和从句，同时指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的句子成分。定语从句又分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导定语从句的词有两种：关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等；关系副词有when, where, why等。其具

2、体用法见下表：关系代词指代的先行词在从句中所作的成分who指人主语、宾语、表语whom指人宾语whose指人或物定语which指物主语、宾语、表语that指人或物主语、宾语、表语一、关系代词的用法1.who指人，在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。Danny is a man who we should learn from.丹尼是我们应该学习的一个人。2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。Rose is the person whom you should l

3、ook after.罗斯是你应该照顾的人。3.whose可修饰人，也可修饰物,表“所属”关系，whose在定语从句中作定语。I know the person whose company produces computers.我认识那个人，他的公司生产电脑。4.which指事物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。5.that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。习惯上多用who，whom指人，多用which指物。The number

4、of people that come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。The bag that lies on the ground is hers.地上放的那个包是她的。（that指物，作主语）误区警示 关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。译昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常感人。误The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very moving.正The film (that/w

5、hich) we saw last night is very moving.关系代词作主语时，不能省略；关系代词作宾语时可以省略。Is that the girl (whom/that/who) you spoke of the other day?那就是你前几天所提到的女孩吗？二、只能用that而不用which引导定语从句的情况1.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.这是我吃过的最美味的食品。2.先行词是不定代词，如all, little, few,

6、much, everything, anything, nothing, none, some等时。All that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做了。3.先行词被all, every, no, the only, the very, the last等修饰时。Ive read all the books that are not mine.我已经读了所有那些不是我的书。The only thing that she could do was go to the police for help.她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。学法点拨 ：以上三种情况有一个

7、共同特点，就是先行词或先行词之前的修饰语往往带有“唯一”或者“全部”概念，以致无法作出“选择”。因为关系代词which原来也是疑问代词，表示“哪一个”，含有选择意味，所以，用that引导万无一失。4.先行词既有人又有物时。We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.我们常常谈起我们记得的人和事。5.当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing?你买的书中哪一本对我写作最有用？6.关系代词在

8、定语从句中作to be的表语时。He isnt the boy that he used to be.他不再是过去的男孩了。三、只能用which而不用that引导定语从句的情况1.引导非限制性定语从句时。Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.足球，一项非常有趣的运动，在全世界得到了普及。2.当关系代词前有介词时。This is the house in which he once lived.这就是他曾经住过的房子。3.当先行词本身就是that时。That which you told

9、him about is what we want to know.你告诉他的事情就是我们想知道的。4.在限制性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。四、as引导定语从句1.as用作关系代词，既可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在the same.as., such.as., as.as.等句型中，as不能省略。S

10、uch teachers as know Tom think him bright.认识汤姆的老师都认为他聪明。Ill buy the same dictionary as you have.我要买和你的一样的词典。误区警示 当先行词被such, the same修饰时，也可用that引导定语从句，但指同一物，而不是同一类。This is the same bike that I lost two months ago.这就是两个月前我丢的那辆自行车。（同一辆自行车）比较：This is the same bike as I lost two months ago.这辆自行车像两个月前我丢的那

11、辆。（相像的自行车）2.as与which都可作为着关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，代表主句的整个内容，区别如下： as引导的非限制性定语从句 1) 位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末； 2) 先行词不可是一个词，必须是整个主句或主句的部分内容； 3) 有“正如、像”等意思，表依据、评论、态度、看法等；如：    a. This elephant is like a snake, as anybody c

12、an see.像任何人都能看见那样，这头象像条蛇。b. He failed in the exam, as we had expected.  c. Tom has passed the test, as everybody knows. 正如每个人所了解的那样，汤姆通过了考试。 4) 常用以下谓语动词的主、被动语态：know, see, say, expect, imagin

13、e, hope, believe, announce, suggest, report, point out,例： a.主动（做宾）：as we all know, as you know, as everybody knows; as you see, as we can see, as we have seen, as anybody can see; as was expected; as we can imagine, as we have imaginedb. 被动（做主）：as is known to everybody, as is known to all; as has be

14、en expected; as is often the case (with ), as has been pointed out, as is usual with, as is reported in the newspapera) He is an honest man, as is known to all. b) As is often the case with young people, he was overconfident.2. which引导非限制性定语从句 1) 只能置于句中或句末（即不可置于句首，只能置于先行词之后）； 2)&

15、#160;先行词即可是一个词，也可是整个主句或主句的部分内容；是整个主句时，从句谓语动词用三单。 a. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。3. 互换条件： 1) 非限定从中的as表依据评论，which表事实状态等，但差别不大时可互换。 2) 注意位置：which引

16、导的非限制性定语从句不能置于句首。例如：   As can be seen from his skin, he must be from Africa. =He must be from Africa, which/as can be seen from his skin.例1.(2019· 湖南高考)It is a truly

17、 delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. A. as B. where C. that D. which例2.(2019·重庆高考) He wrote many children s books, nearly half of_ were published in t

18、he1990s. A. whom         B. which          C. them         D. that 例3. (2019·四川高考)The books on the desk,&

19、#160;_    covers are shiny, are prizes for us. Awhich    B. what      C. whose          D. that 例4(2019·福建高考)China 

20、Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.  A. who B. whom C. that D. Which 例5.(

21、2019·江苏高考)The number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. A. it B. which C. what D. as例6.(2019安徽)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_ school education depends. A. it B. that C. whose D. which基础演练一单项选择1. They talked for about an hour of thin

22、gs and persons _ they remembered in the school.A. which B. that C. who D. whom2. Please pass me the dictionary _ cover is black in the book shelf.A. which B. its C. that D. whose3. Is this the museum _ you visited the other day. I have no idea.A. that B. whose C. to which D. the one4. This is one of

23、 the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked5. Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked6. The engineer _ my father works is about 50 ye

24、ars old.A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom7. Is there anyone in your class _ family is in the country?A. whoB. who'sC. which D. whose8. I'm interested in _you have said.A. all thatB. all what C. that D. which9. That is the day _I'll never forget.A. which B. on which C. in w

25、hich D. when10. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of _are women.A. them B. which C. whom D. who巩固提高二常见错句修改1. Anyone likes it can borrow it from me. _2. The man you saw him just now is my math teacher._3. He is a person who often help me. _4. He is the person whose the family is very

26、 rich._5. Apple eaters are healthier than those dont._6. There are many people, but none of whom I know._7. That is all what I have known. _8. Is this the book that you are interested?_ 9. This is the longest train which I have ever seen._10. The radio set which I bought it last week has gone wrong.

27、 _三单项选择。1. You're the only person _I've ever met _could do it.A. who; / B. /; whom C. whom; / D. /; who2. I have two grammars, _are of great use.A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which3. You can depend on whatever promise _ he makes.A. / B. why C. when D. whose 4.

28、 Did you ask the guard _ happened? Yes, he told me all _ he knew.A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D . that; that5. The number of the people who _ cars _ increasing.A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; isD. own; are 6. During the days _, he worked as a servant at the Browns.A. followed B. foll

29、owing C. to follow D. that followed 7. Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?A. that B. / C. which D. it 8. Is _ some German friends visited last week?A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where 9. All that can be eaten _ eaten up.A. are being B. has been C. had been

30、 D. have been 10. The place _interested me most was the Children's Palace.A. which B. where C. what D. in which11. Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke四用定语从句翻译下列句子1. 这就是我工作过的工厂。_2. 这就是我参观过的工厂。_3. 这是你第三次来迟。_4. 这是我读过的最有趣的小说。_5. 他是一个说话算数的人。_6. 不懂装懂的人总有

31、一天会受到惩罚。_7.每当我爷爷看到这张照片，就想起50年前举行的这次会议。_一单项选择。1.Why does she always ask you for help? There is no one else _ , is there? A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn2. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _ it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poor

32、ly equipped. A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that3. Her sister has become a lawyer, _ she wanted to be. A. who B. that C. what D. which4. Franks dream was to have his own shop _ to produce the workings of his own hands. A. that B.in which C.by which D. how5._ is often the case,

33、 we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As6.The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _ they are being trained. A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which7.I have many friends , _ some are businessmen . A. of them B. from whic

34、h C. who of D. of whom 8.He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this9.Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _ effects people are still suffering. A. that B. whose C. those D. what10.Jim passed t

35、he driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. A. which B. that C. this D.it 11._ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. A. When B. After C.As D. Since 12.Do you still remember the chicken farm _we visited three months ago? A. where B. when C. that D. w

36、hat13.The United States is made up of fifty states, one of _ is separated from the others by the Pacific Ocean. A. them B. those C. which D. whose14.The English play _ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which15._ is reported i

37、n the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. A. It B. As C. That D. What16.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days.A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which17.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than t

38、o the others , _ , of course , made the others envy him. A. who B. that C. what D. which二阅读下面文章，从选给的四个选项中选择正确的答案。AEveryone has heard of the San Andreas fault (断层),which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid

39、fault in Missouri?Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, all centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe. Buildings in the area were almost destroyed. Whole forests fell at once，and huge cracks opene

40、d in the ground, releasing some strong smell chemicals.The Mississippi River itself completely changed character, developing sudden rapids and whirlpools(激流和漩涡).Several times it changed its course, and once, according to some observers, it actually appeared to run backwards. Few people were killed i

41、n the New Madrid earthquakes, probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811; but the severity of the earthquakes was shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston，South Carolina，on the coast. Buildings shook in New York City, and clocks were stopped

42、in Washington,D.C.Scientists now know that Americas two major faults are essentially different. The San Andreas is a horizontal (水平的) boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions. California earthquakes result when the two masses make a sudden move.The New Mad

43、rid fault, on the other hand, is a vertical fault; at some point, possibly hundreds of millions of years ago, rock was pushed up toward the surface, probably by volcanoes under the surface. Suddenly, the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed，leaving huge cracks. Even now, the rock continues to set

44、tle downwards, and sudden sinking motions cause earthquakes in the region. The fault itself, a large crack in this layer of rock, with dozens of other cracks that split off from it, extends from northeast Arkansas through Missouri and into southern Illinois.Scientists who have studied the New Madrid

45、 fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since 1811; these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming, but the scientists say they have no method of predicting when a large earthquake will occur.( )1. This passage is mainly about .A. the New Madrid faultB. the

46、 San AndreasC. the causes of faultsD. current scientific knowledge about faults( )2. Which of the following pictures best describes the type of the New Madrid fault?( )3.This passage implies that .A .horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faultsB. vertical faults are more dangerous than

47、horizontal faultsC. a lot of people would die if the 1811 New Madrid earthquakes happened todayD. the volcanoes that caused the New Madrid fault are still aliveBA powerful earthquake struck the northeastern coast of Japan at 2:46 p.m. local time on March 11th, 2019.Japans Meteorological Agency relea

48、sed its first tsunami warnings just three minutes later. The country has one of the best earthquake early warning systems in the world.There are over 4，000 Seismic Intensity Meters （地震烈度测量仪） in place throughout Japan to measure earthquake activity. These meters provide information within two minutes

49、 of an earthquake happening. Information about the strength and the center of the earthquake can be learned within three minutes. There are also concrete sea walls around much of the Japanese coastline. But these measures proved no match for the powerful earthquake and tsunami.Castas Synolakis is a

50、tsunami expert in Los Angeles. He says, “Japan is one of those most well-prepared countries on earth in terms of tsunami warning. They had a warning. I think what went wrong is that they had not anticipated the size of this event.”He says there are two reasons for this. Japan has not had any event a

51、nywhere near as big as this one in the last 150 years. And scientists had not expected such a large earthquake happening off the coast of Japan.The 9.0-magnitude earthquake was the 4th most powerful earthquake ever recorded worldwide. It was also the worst earthquake ever to hit Japan. The tsunami waves that followed were reported to have reached as high as 13 meters in some areas.Costas Synolakis says Japans concrete sea walls we