高中英语完形填空解题技巧与指导

1、高中英语完形填空解题技巧与指导准中的阅读技能与试题设计为依据,结合作者自己的教学实践,提出了一些有助于提高学生完形填空解题能力的技巧与指导。关键词 NMET 2008,浙江卷,完形填空,解题技巧与指导2003年颁布的普通高中英语课程标准(实验明确提出“高中阶段要着重提高学生用英语获取信息和处理信息,分析问题和解决问题的能力”,这就要求学生要不断地提高相应的阅读技能。新课标规定的阅读技能测试要点如下:1.理解主旨大意;2.寻读具体信息;3.理解细节;4.根据上下文提供语境推测生词词义,进而加深对文段的理解;5.简单的判断和推理;6.理解文段的基本逻辑结构;7.理解作者的意图和态度;8.理解文段的

2、文化信息。测试方式共有11种,而其中的完形填空也是历届高考必有的题型之一,所占分值比例较大,并且由于在试卷中所处的位置较前,因此如何能在短时间内更好的完成这类试题对考生的影响较大:完形填空做得好,则考生对后面的试题就越有信心。二.NMET 2008(浙江卷完形填空NMET 2008(浙江卷完形填空所给的短文是以作者的父亲给他童年生活带来的爱与欢乐而展开的回忆与联想。试题原文如下:In the depths of my memory, many things I did with my father still live. These things come to represent, in f

3、act, what I call _21_and love.I dont remember my father ever getting into a swimming tool. But he did _22_the water. Any kind of _23_ride seemed to give him pleasure._24_he loved to fish; sometimes he took me along.But I never really liked being on the water, the way my father did. I liked being _25

4、_the water, moving through it, _26_it all around me. I was not a strong _27_, or one who learned to swim early, for I had my _28_. But I loved being in the swi mming pool close to my fathers office and _29_those summer days with my father, who _30_ come by on a break. I needed him to see what I coul

5、d do. My father would stand there in his suit, the _31_person not in swimsuit.After swimming, I would go _32_ his office and sit on the wooden chair in front of his big desk, where he let me _33_anything I found in his top desk drawer. Sometimes, if I was left alone at his desk _34_ he worked in the

6、 lab, an assistant or a student might come in and tel l me perhaps I shouldnt be playing with his _35_. But my father always _36_and said easily, “Oh, no, its _37_.” Sometimes he handed me coins and told me to get _38_ an ice creamA poet once said, “We look at life once, in childhood,; the rest is _

7、39_.” And I think it is not only what we “look at once, in childhood” that determines our memories, but _40_, in that childhood, look at us.21.A. desire B. joy C. anger D. worry22.A. avoid B. refuse C. praise D. love23.A. boat B. bus C. train D. bike24.A. But B. Then C. And D. Still25.A. on B. off C

8、. by D. in26.A. having B. leaving C. making D. getting27.A. swimmer B. rider C. walker D. runner28.A. hopes B. faiths C. rights D. fears29.A. spending B. saving C. wasting D. ruining30.A. should B. would C. had to D. ought to31.A. next B. only C. other D. last32.A. away from B. out of C. by D. insid

9、e33.A. put up B. break down C. play with D. work out34.A. the moment B. the first time C. while D. before35.A. fishing net B. office things C. wooden chair D. lab equipment36.A. stood up B. set out C. showed up D. turned out37.A. fine B. strange C. terrible D. funny38.A. the student B. the assistant

10、 C. myself D. himself39.A. memory B. wealth C. experience D. practice40.A. which B. who C. what D. whose相对于科技类文章而言,这篇叙述性的完形填空是比较简单的,但由于考查的内容除对文章主旨的理解外还涉及到细节的判断和推理,这正是这类题型的难度所在之处。现以NMET 2008(浙江卷完形填空为例,笔者愿与大家一起探讨从中发现的一些解题技巧。(一前后呼应法做完形填空时,要始终抓住文章本身,联系“双语境”来判断,既大语境全文中心和基调,小语境空格前后句子所构成的语境;再根据前有伏笔后有呼应的思路来

11、做题。如:第21题B,根据后面作者所回忆的事情来判断,他的父亲带给他的应是爱与欢乐,所以选B:joy ,而其他选项都没有给出相应的事情来呼应。第22题D, 由这一段的最后一句“he loved to fish;”及第三段的第一句“But I never really liked being on the water, the way my father did.”可知父亲喜欢水及一些水上活动。因此第23题也就能很快找到正确答案是A: boat。第30题B,由后面两句可得知父亲会在休息时过来看“我”,特别后面提到“My father would stand there in his suit,

12、” 同样这儿用would更合理。第32题D,这一段是讲作者在游泳后到他父亲的办公室里玩耍。与后面的“sit on the wooden chair in front of his big desk”相呼应。第33题C,与35题所在的句子“- perhaps I shouldnt be playing with his _35_.”相呼应,因此35题的答案也能从33题“- where he let me _33_anything I found in his top desk drawer.”中推断出是C。第38题C,由文章大意可知道父亲应是十分爱“我”的,所以有时还会给“我”钱买冰淇淋吃。这是

13、与文章的大语境相呼应的。第39题A,作者认为不仅是我们童年所看到的事物决定了我们的记忆,而且还包括那时关爱我们的人。所以诗人所说的“the rest”就应该是memory与下一句的“determines our memories”相呼应。(二But 转折法在完形填空题中,but 一词前后通常会设题。文中一出现but,应该马上想到前后语意有转折,只要知道其中一方的语意,就可以推出另一方的意思,所以在做题时,遇到类似but的词,如:however, nevertheless, whereas, yet等,也可以同样处理,以便于从文中找到解题的依据。仍旧以NMET 2008(浙江卷完形填空为例:第2

14、5题D,由这一段的第一句“But I never really liked being on the water, he way my father did”.及后面的“moving through it,”可知“I liked being in the water.”第37题A, 当父亲的学生或助手认为“我”不应该玩他办公室里的东西时,父亲却总是轻松地表示没有关系。所以第37题答案很明显是A : fine。以下就笔者在2008年第一学期从事高一英语教学实践过程中遇到的完形填空为例,发现的其他一些解题技巧。(三绝对矛盾法绝对矛盾法是从选项着手分析,若四个选项中有两个选项是绝对矛盾和对立,那么正

15、确选项大多在这两个对立项之间产生。二者必居其一.至于究竟是两者中的哪一个,则需要进一步根据上下文的语境来判断。例如在浙江省湖州中学教学讲义高一英语模块一、二(2008, 9第120页,完形填空第二段:Most computers have a memory(存储器. They can work millions of times_3_ than man. That means information can be put in _4_ and be taken out any time when needed.第3题的选项分别是A.slow B. slower C. fast D. faste

16、r据观察应选用比较级,所以先排除A和C,在根据后面的一句及我们的常识可知,电脑的工作效率要比人快,所以在B,D这两个对立项中,自然就可以很轻松地把正确答案D选出来了。又如第90页的完形填空:The Great Wall, one of the greatest wonders of the world, was enlisted in the World Heritage in 1987. Just _1_ a dragon, it winds its way from east to west of China. With a history of more than 2000 years.

17、 Some sections are now in ruins or even entirely_2_ .第2题的选项分别是A.appeared B. missed C. went D. disappeared显然A和D 是对立项,根据题意可知长城的一些部分已经破败不堪,甚至完全消失,故答案就是D. disappeared 。高中学习丛书英语高一(Book1,2第101页的完形填空中有一部分是这样的:Jazz is Americas contribution to _5_ music. Compared to classical music, which _6_ formal European

18、 traditions, jazz is a free form.第5题的选项分别是A.classical B. scared C. popular D. light其中A与C相对立,通过后一句“Compared to classical music,”可知正确选项为C。(四同义复现法同义复现是英语中常见的一种现象。为强调某一意思,但又不想重复使用某个词或短语。在完形填空题中,同义词或同义短语的位置多半比较靠近,很容易找到,所以同义复现法是很好的解题技巧。无须过多的推理,只需确定是哪里使用了同义复现,然后从选项中找出与之相符合的一项即可。如2007学年第一学期期末考试样卷(湖州市高一英语完形填

19、空的第三段:That night he wrote a seven-page paper describing his _45_ of someday owning a horse ranch. He wrote his dream in great detail and _46_ drew a diagram of a 200-acre ranch _47_ the locaion of everthing important there. 第45题的选项分别是A. mind B. chance C. goal D. design正确答案C:goal与下一句中的dream同义,并且结合上下文

20、得出他写了37页纸来描述他自己的目标,也就是他的梦想。高中学习丛书英语高一(Book1,2第82页的完形填空最后一段:I was worried and I sank in my thoughts. I didnt even _19_ that the coffee was bad, _20_ Steven didnt notice there was a person next to him. 第19题的选项分别为A. pretend B. understand C. insist D. realize第20题的选项分别为A. as if B. just as C. just after D

21、. even though第20题的正确选项为B. just as。由此可知第19题的正确选项应与由“just as”引导的从句中的谓语动词“notice”同义,故选D. realize。无论是哪种形式的阅读技能检测,只有在平时的课堂教学中扎实学生的语言基础,才使学生稳步提高用英语获取信息,处理信息,发现问题和解决问题的能力。无法想象一位词汇贫乏,语法不通,句子结构不清的学生能在完形填空题中得高分。所以作为教师的我们有义务从小处着手,从细节做起,逐渐地培养学生的解题能力。具体可以从以下几点做起:(一词汇分类可以单元或模块为单位,把其中的近义词,反义词等归类,这样就能使学生在遇到有同义反复或绝对

22、矛盾题型时,更快地找到正确的答案。如在Book 1里就有这样一些近义词或词组:opinion, view; destroy, damage; as if, as though; be concerned about, care about; right away, at once 等。反义词或词组有:generous, mean; selfish, selfless; equal, unfair; be fond of, be tired of; think highly of, think little of等。(二句子衔接注意句子和句子之间的衔接,可应用不同的连接词连接相同的两个句子,观察

23、其产生的意义有何不同。在平时的阅读中也可以指导学生善于发现句子和句子或段落和段落之间的连接词,并适时对连接词进行总结和归类。例如:表示并列的有:and, too, whats more, in addition, as well as等;表示因果的有:beacause, since, so that, therefore, as a result等;表示转折或对比的有:while, however, on one handon the other hand等;表示总结的有:all in all, in a word, in conclusion等。明白了句子与句子之间的关系,学生就能更快地理解

24、文章的主旨,也能从细节中更有把握地推断出一些有用的信息。(三讲究策略做完形填空的速度不能太慢,一般要在8分钟内完成,否则有可能会造成后面的试题来不及做。那些平时习惯于逐个单词阅读的学生,容易造成思维中断,不能快速把握文章的主旨,因此教师要帮助其纠正这种不良的阅读方法和习惯。良好的阅读习惯不仅要求学生快速把握文章大意,也要求其在阅读过程中注重细节,特别要正确把握反映作者观点和态度的细节。教师可以通过引导学生对反映细节的文字加以理解与概括,培养学生分析、概括、演绎和归纳的能力,从而达到既不忽视文章细节,又能正确把握文章中心思想的能力。有了良好的阅读技能,学生不仅能在做完形填空时游刃有余,而且还能从

25、整体上提高英语考试的成绩。英语完形填空解题技巧沈永铭完形填空是一种既要求有正确的阅读理解能力,有要求有扎实的语法、词汇和文化知识积累,是一种全面考查考生全面语言运用能力的题型。做完形填空应该从哪几个方面入手呢?1.首先,大家要以很快的速度浏览全文,掌握文章的主旨,抓住篇章的主要线索,为其后的解题创造良好的条件,建立篇章的整体概念。因此,第一遍浏览时,大家不要急于看选项。浏览全文时要重点了解文中所叙述的人物、时间、地点、事件,即who,when,where, what。完形填空命题的原则一般是第一句话不挖空,目的是使读者进入语境,因此一定要认真阅读这句话,大家可以透过首句的“窗口”看篇章的整个“

26、世界”。例如:Why is a space left between the rails of a railway line where one piece joins the next这句话从铁轨之间的缝隙引出了问题。根据常识,文中内容应与热涨冷缩的物理现象有关。2.根据故事情节的发展选词,确定所填的词与文中哪个词有关系以及动作是在什么场合发生的。切记要从整体来看问题,要“瞻前顾后”。3.试填之后将所选定的词放到文章中复读检查。(“字面译、通逻辑、搞代入、全文译”具体操作中应注意以下几个的问题一、从单句中选择答案。这是完形填空考查项目设计最简单的一种。它相当于一道单项选择题,它不需要通过上下

27、文,而是读它本句即能判断出正确答案。例如:MET90完形填空中的第一句storeyed C.two-storeys D.two storeys 只要学过构词法,考生很容易就能选出正确答案是A。不过该考查项在完形填空的设计中所占的比例很小。二、寻找信息词或信息选择答案。在一篇完形填空文章中,就一句所言,很难确定正确的答案。若继续读下去,就能发现与问题有关的信息词或信息句子出现,这些词或句往往是直接或间接地提示出正确的答案。如NMET95完形填空开头的一段。Washoe is a young chimpanzee(黑猩猩.She is no41 chimpanzee, though. Scient

28、ists are doing a research 42 her. They want to see how civilized(驯化she can 43 .Already she does many things a human being can do.41.A.foolish B. ordinary C. special D. simple42.A.for B. by C. to D. on43.A.experience B. change C. develop D. become这篇文章的第一个空格,若按照“单句理解”的方法去解答,显然不行。此段中的最后一句“Already she d

29、oes many things a human being can do”是信息句,它暗示我们这是一只非同寻常的大猩猩,正确答案显然是B。空42的答案,可以按照上下文,特别是空41的信息词no ordinary,说明科学家们正在这只动物身上做一些研究工作。因此选D.on是最佳答案。空43的答案,按照上下文,从意义上看,似乎B.change和C.develop D.become都是正确的答案。但本句中civilized是个信息词,它在本句中是过去分词作形容词,作how引导的宾语从句中某个系动词的表语,很显然,答案是D.become。三、根据词的固定搭配和固定句型来选择答案。词的固定搭配,特别是动

30、词的搭配和词语类型试题是完形填空测试的重点,多数题目涉及到动词的语法和各种搭配关系,这是由动词在句子中的重要性决定的。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词紧密相连,测试的范围较广。这就要求考生多读、多记,对所学短语动词能牢固掌握,并能灵活运用。四、通过上下文来选择答案。该项目的设计主要是考查考生的综合分析能力。测试内容包括篇章结构和推理判断能力,这些答案的选择,起关键作用的是上下文的关系,也就是说,对短文的理解是非常重要的,这种考查项目的设计所占的比例较大,且难度也大,若从单句或“局部”来分析,所给的四个答案在语法或结构上都是正确的,若放在全局,则不一定正确。考生必须通过部分上下文甚至全文才能选

31、出正确的答案来。如MET89完形填空中的一句,The dog seemed to47 his mushrooms and the officers then began to eat their meal, saying that the mushrooms had a verystrange 48 (butquite pleasant taste.选择项:A. refuseB. hateC. wantD. enjoy此句的答案只有看了后文的信息词“began to eat”和“saying.”来判断,enjoy是最恰当的用词,符合当时的情景,而want显然程度不够,逻辑关系也不严密。再如ME

32、T92完形填空中的一句,55 the kettle of boiling water, she moved quietly 56 (towards the door。A: putting down B. laying aside C. picking up D. taking away若从文章开头读到这里,很难判断老太太发现有情况后,如何处理“the kettle”,只有将这一自然段读完后,才知老太太是“picking up the kettle”,即“提起壶”,不然她怎能将开水倒向小偷的手呢?五、通过文章深层意义的理解选择答案。通过文章深层意义来选择答案,是完形填空难度最大的一种形式。它要求

33、考生不仅要有广博的知识、丰富的生活经历,还要求学生们能够驾驭全文,不仅理解文章的表层意义,而且要弄清文章的深层意义。 如NMET94完形填空的第一句:It was an early morning in summer. In the street, sleeply-eyed people were moving quickly, heading towards their 41A. jobsB. homesC. busesD. offices从信息词“early morning”和“sleepy-eyed”来判断,B. homes不符合逻辑,按生活经验,他们是去上班。这时有些考生就会认为,既然

34、上班,就要去“挤公交车”或“去办公室”。但上班的人也有步行的、骑车的或坐地铁的,也有自己开车去的。人们上班有去农场、煤矿,露天码头,还有工厂车间,不一定去办公室。因此,C. buses和D. offices不符合现实生活,只有A. jobs最合乎生活实际,人们起床后,各自奔向自己的工作岗位。要提高学生完形填空的解题水平,除了上面介绍的方法技巧外,在平时的学习实践中,要有计划、有目的地训练学生加强阅读、提高速度,在实践中感悟词的辨析、搭配,学会对文章进行逻辑判断及推理,既要看懂表层意思,更要理解深层次的含义。要有计划、按步骤,由简到难、由短到长地进行有针对性的专项训练,材料要精选,解题要限时,体

35、裁要多样,做后要分析,运用正确的解题方法与技巧,只要学生持之以恒,解答完形填空的水平就能得到提高。下面请同学们试着按照老师的解题提示去完成下面这篇介绍美国素有nbz篮球“小皇帝”之称詹姆士. 勒布朗。ebron james isn't the first high school basketball player to go straight into the nba, but he's probably the best. he has the body, skills and the basketball brain of an all-star (全明星球员. this

36、_1_ was on _2_ as he scored 41 points to take cleveland cavaliers (克里夫兰骑士队 to a 107-104 win over the new jersey nets (新泽西网队 on march 28. aged of 19 years and 87 days, james became the _3 _ player to score 40 or more in the nba. "it was by far james' best _4_ ," said cleveland coach pau

37、l silas.known to his friends _5_ "the king", this was the day james earned his crown(王冠. but he was _6_ from being a king during a childhood spentin the back streets of akron, ohio. _7_ many other african-american basketball players, james' early years were a _8 _ . his mother gloria w

38、as just 16 when she gave birth to him; he knows nothing about his father. mother and son battled for everything from food to a place to live. _9 _ help from his grandmother and neighbors, james would _10 _ have died when he was young. this spirit of survival has served him well on court, forcing him

39、 to take any _11_ he finds. "i _12_ losing, i don't like losing," said james of his 41-point display. "i _13_ the opportunity for us to win and i was _14_ to capture it." at 2.03 meters, he is no yao ming but this didn't _15_ him being first choice in 2003 nba draft. this

40、 was _16 _ to his strength and skill, much of which he learned from high school american football. although he has a _ 17_ brain, james has never had to concentrate on _18_ . some people think this is a mistake and say he should have gone to college to _19_ his mind. but james is one of the lucky fe

41、w who has found fame and fortune _20_ a diploma (文凭. on the court, he is king.1. a. performance b. activity c. action d. talent2. a. sale b. exhibition c. show d. duty3. a. oldest b. strongest c. tallest d. youngest4. a. performance b. lessonc. actiond. appearance5. a. for b. as c. by d. with6. a. well b. far c. deep d. late7. a. as b. like c. likely d. alike8. a. fight b. struggle c. battle d. war9. a. except for b. except c. besides d. without10. a. certainly b. impossible c. hardly d. probably11. a. goal b. game c. match d. chance1