牛津高中英语模块一语法整理

1、牛津英语模块一语法定语从句（1）1 关系代词在定语从句中的使用 除了形容词，名词等作定语来修饰名词或代词，句子也可以作定语，我们称作定语的句子为定语从句。 先看这样的两个句子： This man is my English teacher. He is standing at the door. 如果想把这两个句子合成一个句子，我们可将第二句转换成定语从句来修饰the man，即： The man that/who is standing at the door is my English teacher. 这个句子中，that/who is standing at the door 充当了t

2、he man的定语，它就是定语从句；而被修饰的the man叫作先行词，that/who是关系代词。2 关系代词that，which, who, whom, whose的区别（1）当先行词是人时：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用that/whoIs he the man who/that told you the news?关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that/who,也可以省略The boy (whom/that/who) I talked to yesterday is my brother.（2）当先行词是物时：可用关系代词that/which来充当主语或宾语This is

3、 a book which/that talks about geography.综上所述，that既可指人，也可指物，而which只可指物，who/whom只可指人；who/that/which都可作主语或宾语，而whom只能作宾语；whose在定语从句中必须放在一个名词前作定语The book whose cover is red cant be found now.3 只能用that引导定语从句的情况 （1）当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时This is the best dictionary that Ive ever used.The first thing that you

4、should do is to work out a plan.（2）当先行词被all, some, any, no, little, much等修饰或者先行词为all, much, little, few, none, something, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词时All that she lacked was training.She would never do anything that was not approved of by her parents.（3）当先行词既有人又有物时They talked about the person

5、s and things that most impressed them.（4）当先行词被the last, the only, the very等修饰时This is the only example that I know.This is one of the very books that I am looking for.（5）当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用thatChina is not the country (that) it was.4 引导定语从句的关系代词常用which不用that的情况 （1）关系代词前有介词或介词短语时Galileo built a tele

6、scope through which he could study the sky.Here is the book about which I told you yesterday, （2）引导非限制性定语从句时Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could except.（3）当关系代词之后有插入语时Here is the English gramma

7、r book which, as Ive told you, will help improve your English.He was always speaking highly of her role in the play which, of course, made the others unhappy.（4）先行词本身是that时That which is evil is soon learned.坏事易学。That which is well done is twice done.一次做的好等于做两次。5 which和whose作定语时的区别 Which和whose都可以在定语从

8、句中作定语，但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中，紧指物，并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词；whose+名词与先行词不表示同一事物或情况Peter spent three years in France, during which time he learnt French.The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.窗子破了的那间房子没人住。 注意：定语从句中whose+名词=the+名词+of whom/whichThe boy, whose uncle is a judge, is singing under the t

9、ree.= The boy, the uncle of whom is a judge, is singing under the tree.I bought the book last year, whose cover is broken.= I bought the book last year, the cover of which is broken.6 如何确定定语从句的引导词 下面两句话中的先行词都是day，但由于其在定语从句中充当的句子成分不同，定语从句的引导词也不同Ill never forget the days (which/that) we spent together

10、.我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。（先行词the days在定语从句中充当及物动词spend的宾语，所以定语从句的引导词要用关系代词which/that）Ill never forget the day when (on which) I arrived here.我永远不会忘记我到这儿的日子。（先行词the day在定语从句中作时间状语，所以定语从句的引导词要用关系副词when，或on+关系代词which）7 关系代词的省略 在定语从句中，如果关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语，那么我们常常省略关系代词。如果关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，则不可省略He is the person (who/th

11、at) we are looking for.他就是我们一直在找的那个人。（从句中that/who作介词for的宾语，因此可以省略。）注意：介词后面的关系代词不能省略，而且指人时用whom，指物是用whichThe person about whom we are talking is our headmaster.我们正在谈论的那个人是我们的校长。（whom在定语从句中作about的宾语，而且先行词the person是指人，因此只能用whom）The company at which my sister works is in the east of the city.8 定语从句中的主谓

12、一致问题 （1）关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词在人称和数上通常和先行词保持一致All that shines is not gold. 发光的不一定是金子 （2）one of the + 复数名词作先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词和复数名词一致He is also one of the students who go to the park. （3）the only/very + one of the + 复数名词作先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词和one一致，用单数形式He is the only one of the students who goes to the park.9

13、 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 （1）从语法角度来看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起语法作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，如例（1）中的that；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，它除了起引导从句的语法作用外，还要在从句中充当句子成分，主要是作主语或宾语，如例（2）中的that在从句中作动词told的宾语 （2）从先行词的词性来看，同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词，也可以是代词 （3）从可否省略来看，同位语从句的that一般不可以省略，但是定语从句中的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语，在非正式用语中常常可以省略例（1）We were greatly pleased

14、at the news that the Chinese womens volleyball team had won the match again. 听到中国女排再次获胜的消息我们极为高兴。（that引导同位语从句）例（2）We were greatly pleased at the news that our teacher had told us. 听到老师告诉我们的消息我们感到很高兴10 定语从句与状语从句的区别 定语从句的关系词在从句中要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而引导状语从句的连接词在句中不作任何成分，因此句子成分完整 It is such an interesting b

15、ook as we all like. (定语从句) It is such an interesting book that we all like it. (结果状语从句)11 定语从句与强调句型的区别 定语从句对名词或代词起修饰和限制作用，关系词可以是that，which，as，who，另一方面，句子中的It有所指代；而强调句型是对某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that，who，并且句子中的It没有任何意义。两种从句的判断一般比较明显，而有事就难以区别，需要根据上下文的语境来判断。如下面一句话： It is a book that he wants. 此句究竟是强调句型还是定语从句

16、，就要从语境上来判断。如果它是用来回答What is this/that?这样的问题，意思就是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want?这样的问题，那么意思就是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。【真题回放】1 （ ）The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination. A that B which C whose D what2 （ ）Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station you can hire to rea

17、ch your host family. A which B where C when D as3 （ ）Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school I met in the English speech contest last year. A who B where C when D which4（ ）The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other. A they B where C what

18、D that5（ ）Thats the new machine parts are small to be seen. A that B which C whose D what6（ ）The old temple roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. A where B which C its D whose7（ ）I refuse to accept the blame for something was someone elses fault. A who B that C as D what8 ( ) Children who a

19、re no active or diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. A what B whose C which D that9 ( ) In China, the number of cities is increasing development is recognized across the world. A where B which C whose D that定语从句（2）1 介词+关系代词结构中的介词可以是in，on, about, from, for, with, to等，关系代词只可用whom，which，或whose

20、，不可用that。这些词既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。主要有以下几种结构： （1）介词+关系代词 Who is the man with whom you shook hands just now? （2）名词+介词+关系代词 Give me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover). 注意：当先行词是物时，作定语的引导词whose + n. = the + n. + of which或of which + the + n. （3）代词+介词+关系代词 As he was a li

21、vely, cousin man, he hid a great deal, and noticed many interesting things, all of which he recorded in his diary. （4）介词+关系代词+名词 He goes to bed at ten, at which hour his brother locks all the doors and windows. （5）形容词最高级+介词+关系代词 He has bought many novels, the most interesting of which is written by

22、Han Han. （6）数词+介词+关系代词 I have three brothers, two of whom have just graduated from the same university.【巧记】介词+关系代词结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时则用which。介词的选择可以根据以下关系确定：（1） 介词与定语从句中的动词或形容词是一种习惯性搭配。This is the book for which I paid 8 yuan.The two things about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of

23、 the idioms of English.（2） 介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配。There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth.没有办法可以把它带到地球上来。（依据短语in this way）（3） 根据所表达的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we cant live is called oxygen.（4） 表示所有关系或整体中的一部分时，用介词ofT

24、here are different forms of energy, most of which come from the sun.注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，即介词仍放在动词之后，因此不能使用介词+关系代词结构此类短语有：listen to, look at, pay attention to, care for等Is this the watch he is looking for?2 关系副词的用法 关系副词（=介词+关系代词）：关系副词先行词在从句中的作用说明When(=at/on/in/duringwhich)时间名词时间状语非正式文体中，有时用that代替关系副词，如

25、通常用在way后Where(=in/atwhich)地点名词地点状语Why=(for which)Reason和explanation原因状语The rain came at a time when (= at which) it was not needed.This is the computer where (= by/on which) he has stolen top-secret documents.Here is the place where (= at which) the murder took place.He didnt give any reason why (=

26、for which) I had been fired.【提示】当先行词是situation, point, case, stage等表示某种情景、状况的词时，常用where或in/at which引导定语从句。Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?【巧记】如果表示时间、地点、原因的名词不作状语，而是作主语、宾语或者表语时，必须用关系代词that/which来引导而不是用where等May 1 is the day I will never forget.五月一号是我永远不会忘记的一天。（that作for

27、get的宾语）The Three Gorges is a beautiful place (that/which) people all over the world look forward to visiting. 长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。（that或which作visiting的宾语）Is this the reason that he gave us for being late?这就是他给我们的迟到的原因吗？（that作gave的直接宾语）【真题回放】1 ( ) She showed the visitors around the museum, the co

28、nstruction had taken more than three years. A for which B with which C of which D to which2 ( ) English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of uses it somewhat differently. A which B what C them D those3 ( ) A bank is the place they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for

29、 it back when it begins to rain. A when B that C where D there4 ( ) It was April 29, 2011 Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony. A that B when C since D before5 ( ) The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living. A when B that

30、C where D which6 ( ) I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. A which B where C who D that7 ( ) Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of she spoke fluently. A who B whom C which D that8 ( ) Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlik

31、ely to be the only planet life has developed gradually. A that B where C which D whose9 ( ) She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before. A them B who C whom D these10 ( ) Mozarts birthplace and the house he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now. A where B when C there D

32、 which11 ( ) I have reached a point in my life I am supposed to make decisions of my own. A which B where C how D why12 ( ) Shell never forget her stay there she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A that B which C where D when13 ( ) Gun control is a subject Americans have argued fo

33、r a long time. A of which B with which C about which D into which14 ( ) Its helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. A that B when C which D where15 ( ) -What do you think of teaching, Bob? - I find it fun and challenging, It is a job you are doing something seriou

34、s but interesting. A where B which C when D that定语从句（3）-非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句指示对主句内容或先行词作补充解释或附加说明。主句与从句之间一般用逗号隔开，常常单独翻译。如果去掉，主句意思仍然完整。I have an elder sister who works in a hospital.我有一个在医院工作的姐姐。（限制性定语从句）I have an elder sister, who works in a hospital.我有一个姐姐，她在一家医院工作。（非限制性定语从句）1 非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以

35、是整个句子。2 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as, which, who, whom, whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语；关系副词有when，where等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省略。As is known, Stephen Chow, who was born in Hong Kong, is one of the worlds greatest actorsIn many of his films, he made the audience laugh with interesting stories, which he made up

36、 almost himself.Last Sunday, when it was raining all the day, he came to our city, where he received a warm welcome.【提示】（1） 关系代词that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。（2） 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。（3） 关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句，但可用for which代替3 使用非限制性定语从句的常见情况：（1）先行词是表示独一无二的事物时。 The moon, which doesnt give out light itself, is o

37、nly a satellite of the earth.（2）先行词是表示类属的事物时。 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.（3）先行词是专有名词时。 The Neil, which used to flood every year, now runs more regularly below the dam.（4）先行词是表示人的职业、品质、身份等名词，作定语从句的表语时，主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思，这种情况下多用which引导。 Mikes brother is a po

38、liceman, which he isnt.（5）先行词为整个句子时，引导词只能用as或which。但是二者也有区别： as有正如、像等意思，可以置于句首，句中或句末。as后常接expect，know, report, say, see等动词的主动或被动语态句。如：as was expected(不出所料)，as is mentioned above（正如上面所提到的）等which可用and this/that/it代替，有因此，这样，这就使得，这一点等意思，常置于主句之后。【提示】as也可用在限制性定语从句中，多和such，so或the same连用，构成such/soas和the sam

39、eas结构Such books as I have read are English novels.我所读过的书都是英语小说。（as作宾语）（6）当定语从句中的名词、代词与先行词存在部分与整体的关系，用+介词+关系代词which/whom表示时反意疑问句 反意疑问句有两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称、时态应保持一致。1 反意疑问句的构成 （1）陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式 They work here, dont they?（2）陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式 The old man wouldnt believe you, would he?（3）

40、陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分肯定式 Have a cup of tea, will you?【提示】（1）若陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, few, nothing等否定词或半否定词，其疑问部分要用肯定式She said nothing, did she?（2）若陈述部分含有带否定前缀如un-, im-, dis-的词，疑问部分仍用否定式It is impossible, isnt it?2 反意疑问句的用法（1）省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you Dont do that again, will you? Go with me, will you/

41、wont you? Lets 开头的祈使句，后用shall we；Let us开头的祈使句，后用will you Lets go and listen to the music, shall we? Let us wait for you in the reading room, will you?（2）陈述部分为主从复合句的反意疑问句。 当陈述部分为主从复合句时，疑问部分一般应与主句保持一致 He said that he didnt like it, didnt he? He knows where I live, doesnt he?当陈述部分为I/We think (believe,

42、suppose) that等时，疑问部分通常与从句的主谓保持一致（注意否定的转移） I think that it is too smart, isnt it? I dont think he will come, will he?（3）陈述部分是Im时，疑问部分通常用arent I。 Im wrong, arent I? Im older than you, arent I?（4）当陈述部分的主语为somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等复合不定代词时，其反意疑问句的主语在正式文体中用he，在口语或非正式文体中通常用the

43、y。但当陈述部分的主语是something，anything，nothing，everything等复合不定代词时，其反意疑问句的主语用it。 Nobody was late, were they? Nothing is important, is it?（5）当陈述部分含有must时，要分两种情况 若must表示必须或有必要，疑问部分用mustnt或neednt You must leave at once, mustnt/neednt you? 但是当陈述部分有mustnt表示禁止时，疑问部分用must You mustnt laugh, must you?若must表示推测，疑问部分不能

44、用must，而应根据must后的动词采用相应的助动词来构成反意疑问句 He must be tired, isnt he? You must have studied English for five years, havent you? 你肯定需哦过五年英语，不是吗？（对过去发生的动作持续到现在的情况进行推测） You must have finished that novel yesterday, didnt you? 你昨天一定完成了那部小说，不是吗？（对过去情况的推测）（6）当陈述部分为there be句型时，疑问部分仍用there There was nothing in the room, was there?（7）当陈述部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didnt +主语或usednt +主语 He used to take pictures there, didnt he/usednt he?【真题回放】1 ( ) Ted came for the weekend only some shorts and a T-shit, is a stupid thing to do in such weather. A this B that C what D which2 ( ) Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was