关于中学英语阅读教法的探讨

1、关于中学英语关于中学英语阅读教法的探讨阅读教法的探讨首都师范大学英语教育系首都师范大学英语教育系刘北利刘北利20012001年年9 9月月 顺德顺德中学英语中学英语阅读教法的探讨阅读教法的探讨1、2、3、4、5、一条原则一条原则两个过渡两个过渡三组概念三组概念四类图示四类图示五种方法五种方法一条原则一条原则Principle阅读不再是阅读不再是 被动的单向的吸收被动的单向的吸收 而是而是 积极的双向的互动积极的双向的互动被动的单向的接收被动的单向的接收Text积极的双向的互动积极的双向的互动TextHypotheses MadeLinguistic schemataContent schema

2、taFormal schemataBackgroundknowledgeHypotheses Confirmed or ModifiedThe Scope of EcologyNo living creature, plant or animal, can exist in complete isolation.An animal is bound to depend on other living creatures,ultimately plants,for its food supply.It must also depend uponfor a continued oxygen sup

3、plyfor its respiration.Q: What is this text likely to be about?Q: The writer starts by making a generalization. What do you think he will do next?Q: What sort of dependence? What sort of living creatures?Q: Do you want to change your prediction about the sort of dependence meant?Q: Were you right? W

4、hat next do you think?Q: Upon what? Why?the activities of plantsQ: Were you right? What else must it depend on plants for?Q: Why does it need oxygen?两个过渡两个过渡Changes表层理解表层理解深层理解深层理解语法分析语法分析语篇分析语篇分析Energy1. Literal2. Interpretative3. Critical4. CreativeWhat are the seven kinds of energy mentioned in t

5、his selection?What is the main idea of this selection?Can we live without the sun? Explain.If we were able to harness the suns energy efficiently, what consequences would it bring for us?6 614145 515150 02 24 46 68 8101012121414161619991999200020001999 1999 年、年、2000 2000 年高考年高考 英语试卷阅读理解（英语试卷阅读理解（A A

6、）题目类型分布情况题目类型分布情况Literal Comprehension: information explicitly statedInterpretation: answer not explicitly stated but suggested or impliedM a i n I d e aC o n c l u s i o nC a u s e / E f f e c tW r i t e r s I d e aW r i t e r s P u r p o s eW o r d / P h r a s e M e a n i n gI n t e r p r e t a t

7、i o n7%7%17%17%21%21%14%14%14%14%27%27%This article mainly tells about the storyof _. (1999-51) a. a lost diary b. Deborah Logan c. Cory Luxmoore d. the Library CompanyThe biggest advantage of this new system is that _. (2000-70) a. it reduces the cost of recycling b. it saves time and space c. it s

8、aves money for people living in high rises d. it makes better use of the existing recovery equipmentIn what way was the night of November 9 the best night for Angela Carraro?(2000-52) a. She had a taste of adventure. b. Burning candles brightened the place. c. Business was better than usual. d. Many

9、 people stayed the night in her restaurant.In the writers opinion, a good state school should _. (1999-68) a. produce star performers b. help pupils improve their study skills c. train pupils in language and performing arts d. provide a general education and stage trainingThe purpose in writing this

10、 text is _. (2000-67) a. to encourage people to recycle their rubbish b. to introduce a recycling system for high rises c. to describe the use of computer technology in recycling d. to explain the need for rubbish collection in high risesWhich of the following can be used in place of Quite the rever

11、se? (2000-61) a. Quite right. b. True enough. c. Most unlikely. d. Just the opposite.1999、2000年阅读理解（A）中深层理解题占总题量的72.5%。I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was tired and at the same time feeling lonely. Worse

12、 still, Dad missed a step and fell, sending my new suitcases rolling down the stairs. “Damn!” he screamed, his face turning red. I knew trouble was ahead. Whenever Dads face turns red, look out! (2000 No.26-30)I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. B

13、y the time I got to the third floor, I was tired and at the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad missed a step and fell, sending my new suitcases rolling down the stairs. “Damn!” he screamed, his face turning red. I knew trouble was ahead. Whenever Dads face turns red, look out!Grammar-oriente

14、d Exercise_a. carriedb. carryingc. having carried_a. Onb. Inc. By_a. lonelyb. alonec. lone_a. alongb. upc. down_a. Whateverb. Wheneverc. HoweverI climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was tired and at the same t

15、ime feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad missed a step and fell, sending my new suitcases rolling down the stairs. “Damn!” he screamed, his face turning red. I knew trouble was ahead. Whenever Dads face turns red, look out!Discourse-oriented Exercise_lazyanxioustired_tookmissedpicked_rollingpassingturni

16、ng_dangertroubledifficulty_give uphold onlook outSentence Fill-in - Context Dependent- What a tiring evening!- Oh, its good to sit down after all that standing.- _71_- I dont think Ive ever felt so tired in my life. _72_- And the heat. _73_A. Im not that tired.B. Whats more, I didnt sleep well last

17、night.C. I could just sit here for ever and ever, and never get up.D. All that silly talk, and the drink and the cigarette smoke.E. Lets have some coffee. (2000 71-75)CD- Wed better go to sleep early tonight.B- Oh, yes. I need something hot.E三组概念三组概念Concepts1. General/Specific2. Denotation/Connotati

18、on3. Deductive/InductiveGeneral/SpecificFoodAppleFruitPeachPorkMeatBeefGeneral/SpecificFruitPearPeachBananaOrangeGeneral/SpecificPearBananaPeachOrangeCore/SeedColorThickskinJuicyGeneral/Specific1. Word Level2. Phrase Level3. Sentence Level Topic sentenceWord Level1. _ place 2. _ Susan3. _ evergreen_

19、 Room 243 _ girl_ spruce_ classroom _ person_ treeG = most general G = most general S = most S = most specificspecificG GS SG GG GS SS SPhrase LevelG = most general G = most general E = equally specificE = equally specific1. _ 1. _ parts of bodyparts of body _ the arms of a _ the arms of a manman2.

20、_ May Day2. _ May Day _ New Year _ New Year3. _ basic needs of 3. _ basic needs of man man _ love and _ love and respectrespect from others from othersG GG GE EE E4. _ 4. _ smallness of Hollandsmallness of Holland _ largeness of Russia _ largeness of Russia5. _ 5. _ quick, powerful lionsquick, power

21、ful lions _ several wild animals _ several wild animals _ powerful, huge elephants _ powerful, huge elephants6. _ can be harmful to health6. _ can be harmful to health _ an expensive habit _ an expensive habit _ reasons for not smoking _ reasons for not smokingG GG GE EE EHolidaysCountrysizeSentence

22、 LevelG = most general G = most general E = equally specificE = equally specific1. _ 1. _ Africa falls into seven divisions.Africa falls into seven divisions. _ East Africa is the roof of Africa. _ East Africa is the roof of Africa.2. _ A snake smells with its tongue.2. _ A snake smells with its ton

23、gue. _ A snake swallows its food whole. _ A snake swallows its food whole.3. _ The necktie started out as a piece of lace 3. _ The necktie started out as a piece of lace andand turned into a silk bow. turned into a silk bow. _ The necktie has been getting smaller and _ The necktie has been getting s

24、maller and smaller for hundreds of years. smaller for hundreds of years. _ Now many neckties are no wider than a piece _ Now many neckties are no wider than a piece of string. of string.G GG GE EE ESnake is a strange animal.Denotation/ConnotationPositive ConnotationNegative ConnotationCollege =Colle

25、ge =AchievementBright futureExcitingToo much workPossible failureFrightening Denotation/Connotationat sentence levelsignification is the meaning that would be common to all utterances of a certain sentence.value is the significance of the utterance for a particular speaker in a particular situation.

26、Arent you cold?MotherSon who is going out with little clothing onConcern“Youd better put on your warm coat.”AFriendsb. unsuitably dressed for the weathersurprise“My goodness! You have so little on!”Bsb. feeling chillysb. who has just opened the windowcomplaint“Why did you open that window? Its cold

27、here!”Csb. serving hot teaguestoffer“Please drink something hot to warm yourself up.”Dsb. feeling chillysb. who suggests going out for a walkrefusal“I dont want to go out in that wind.”Esb. pointing to a fanothers in the roomrequest“Shall I turn off the fan?”Fmotherson, who refuses to put on warm cl

28、othes order“You must put on this overcoat!”Gfriendsb. who enjoys winter swimming admiration“It must take a lot of courage to swim in winter!”HFriendsb. who talks about sleeping outdoors in winter “I dont believe you can do that!”Idoubtmasterhousekeeper who fails to make a fire in the roomanger“Dont

29、you realize we need some heat in this room?”Jmotherson who is taking a cold-water showeranxiety“Stop that! You are going to catch a cold!”Kfriendsb. who is finishing the tenth ice-cream baramusement“You are so funny to eat so much ice-cream!”LDeductive/Inductive1. Argument / Conclusion / PremisesArg

30、ument / Conclusion / Premises2. Deductive / InductiveDeductive / Inductive3. Weak ArgumentWeak Argument4. Hidden PremisesHidden PremisesArgument / Conclusion / PremisesAn argument is a group of statements, one of which is the conclusion and one or more of which are the premises. Argument 1Argument 1

31、No fish are mammals. premiseTherefore, no mammals are fish. conclusionArgument 2Argument 2Everyone in town wears heavier clothing when winter comes. premise 1It is winter now. premise 2So everyone in town is wearing heavier clothing. conclusionDeductive / InductiveDeductive ArgumentIt is impossible

32、forthe conclusion to befalse if all thepremises are true.The conclusion followsfrom the premises as amatter of necessity.Argument 1Argument 1No fish are mammals. No fish are mammals. Therefore, no mammals Therefore, no mammals are fishare fish. . Argument 2Argument 2Everyone in town wears heavier cl

33、othing when winter comes. It is winter now. So everyone in town is wearing heavier clothing. Deductive / InductiveInductive ArgumentIt is possible for thepremises to be trueand yet the conclusionfalse.The conclusion doesnot follow from thepremises withcertainty but onlywith probability.Argument 3Arg

34、ument 3Upon returning to the Upon returning to the apartment I see that the apartment I see that the mail is still in the mail is still in the mail box. It is my mail box. It is my roommates habit to roommates habit to pick up the mail from pick up the mail from the box upon returning the box upon r

35、eturning home. home. Therefore, my Therefore, my roommate has not yet roommate has not yet returned home.returned home.Deductive / InductiveDeductive ArgumentInductive ArgumentIt is impossible forthe conclusion to befalse if all thepremises are true.It is possible for thepremises to be trueand yet t

36、he conclusionfalse.The conclusion followsfrom the premises as amatter of necessity.The conclusion doesnot follow from thepremises withcertainty but onlywith probability.Weak Argument2. Faulty Analogy 类推误差类推误差1. Wrong Conclusion 结论误差结论误差3. Causal Fallacies 因果误差因果误差4. Language Ambiguity 语义误差语义误差 Tarif

37、fs on textiles benefit the textile industry. Tariffs on steel benefit the steel industry. Therefore, a tariff on every imported product benefits the economy.All circus clowns enjoy making others laugh. Ted enjoys making others laugh. Ted is a circus clown.Roni develops a rash whenever exposed to cac

38、tus weed. On his way home from a hike, he breaks out in a rash. Upon applying some ointment, he exclaims, “I must have brushed by cactus weed.”Happiness is the end of life. The end of life is death. So happiness is death.Hidden PremisesTheft is an action that hurts another person. Therefore, theft i

39、s immoral.Premise (explicit): Theft is an action that hurts another person.Conclusion: Therefore, theft is immoral.Premise (implicit): Actions that hurt others are immoral.Hidden PremisesExplicitImplicitHidden PremisesHidden Premises Worse still, Dad missed a step and fell, sending my new suitcases

40、rolling down the stairs. “Damn!” he screamed, his face turning red. I knew trouble was ahead. Whenever Dads face turns red, look out! How could I ever get him to finish unloading the car without screaming at me and making a scene in front of the other girls, girls I would have to spend the rest of t

41、he year with? (2000 27-33)Hidden premise 1: If fathers face turns red, he must be angry.Hidden premise 2: If father is angry, he would lose temper.Hidden premise 3: If father loses temper, I have to be careful.Hidden premise 4: Other girls would hear if my father screamed at me.Hidden premise 5: It

42、was embarrassing to be screamed at in front of other people, especially girls.四类图示四类图示Graphs1.1.表格空项表格空项2.2.几何图形几何图形3.3.层次列表层次列表4.4.十字构架十字构架表格空项表格空项1. Kathy does not like vegetables. She ate all of her lunch except the a. meat. b. pastry. c. carrots. d. milk.2. When Diana and her father returned fro

43、m shopping, their basket was full of bananas, pears, apples, and oranges. They had bought only a. vegetables. b. meats. c. groceries. d. fruits.3. Children may have hair like their mothers and eyes like their fathers and thus show traits of both a. ages. b. features. c. parents. d. children. General

44、 Specific1. _ _ _ _ _2. _ _ _ _ _3. _ _ _ _ _vegetablesvegetablesorangesorangesmothermother几何图形几何图形Position of Topic Sentence1. Top position2. Bottom position3. Middle position4. Double position5. No topic Sentence几何图形几何图形For some people, carrying on the family name is important. Others want a child

45、 for its love or to prevent loneliness in old age. Some couples are curious about the result of their mixture of genes. Many of us have children because we want to give them opportunities that we never had or to treat them as we wish we had been treated: this may amount to living vicariously through

46、 our children. Some individuals have a child in order to hold their marriage together: this is unwise because it usually adds strain to an already failing relationship, and the child is often affected most.Why do people have children?层次列表层次列表(1) It is the first college established and controlled by

47、Indians. (2) This is one of three reasons why Navajo Community College in northeastern Arizona stands out. (3) It is the first institution of higher learning on an Indian reservation. (4) It is the first sign that the navajos and other tribes are charting a course of self-determination that may lift

48、 them out of their hundred-year-old cycle of poverty and illiteracy.2-1, 3, 4层次列表层次列表(1) A boy growing up on the Cheyenne-Arapaho reservation had a good life. (2) He could enjoy the sun rising over the land that stretched for miles without fences or roads. (3) He could play along the North Canadian

49、River and the smaller streams winding through that land. (4) He could feel how friendly the life in the villages was. (5) In those villages were children and dogs and ponies outside the tipis, and men and women busy drying meat or beading moccasins or making arrows or dressing skins. (6) These activ

50、ities and sights made life very pleasant for the Indian boy.1 + 6-2, 3, 4- 5十字构架十字构架The meat of a plump young bear is said to be quite tender and tasty; but even a hunting dog will refuse the meat of an old bear, for it is a. raw meat. b. fresh meat. c. also excellent. d. very tough. youngtenderold?

51、 toughAntonym十字构架十字构架Our bodies are strengthened not by what we eat but by the food that we digest. Similarly, our minds are developed not by what we read but by what we a. forget. b. understand. c. write. d. are told. eatdigestread?understandAnalogy五种方法五种方法Tips1.1.添加注释添加注释2.2.行序重组行序重组3.3.限时阅读限时阅读4.

52、4.填空练习填空练习5.5.左右匹配左右匹配day!In old New England the schools wereresult, the teacher placed their childrenschools the mothers and fathers weresupposed to supply the wood. Sometimeswood for one reason or another. As a some of the parents didnt supply thefarthest from the fire. The shiveringchildren were

53、certain to remind theirparents about supplying wood the nextheated by burning firewood. In someday!In old New England the schools wereresult, the teacher placed their childrenschools the mothers and fathers weresupposed to supply the wood. Sometimeswood for one reason or another. As a some of the pa

54、rents didnt supply thefarthest from the fire. The shiveringchildren were certain to remind theirparents about supplying wood the nextheated by burning firewood. In someThe story mainly tells:a. why parents dont supply woodb. how children catch coldc. how schools got parents to supply firewoodd. what

55、 firewood does1. The door was locked, and they could not get in because they did not have a _.2. The work is not hard, but it takes a long _.3. When she looked at her watch, she began to walk faster. She was afraid she would be _.keytimelate1. As one makes his _, so must he lie.2. East or west, _ is

56、 the best.3. Dont burn the _ at both ends.4. All _ is not baked in one oven.5. _ is the discoverer of secrets.A. candleB. wineC. bedD. breadE. home谢谢！谢谢！欢迎批评指导！欢迎批评指导！刘北利刘北利北京市海淀区北京市海淀区833833号信箱号信箱英语教育系英语教育系100037100037电话：（电话：（010010）6890234168902341（O O） （010010）6890296068902960（H H）电子邮件：电子邮件：6 614145 515155 515150 02 24 46 68 810101212141416161999199920002000200120011999 1999 年、年、2000 2000 年、年、20012001年高考年高考 英语试卷阅读理解（英语试卷阅读理解（A A）题目类型分布情况题目类型分布情况Literal Comprehension: information explicit