大学英语词汇学期末考试-重点复习资料整理-权威版-后附试题.

1、2012 词汇学复习资料The development of the English Vocabulary1. Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated

2、from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarityto one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into anEastern Set 东部诸语族 :Balto-Slavic 波罗的 -斯拉夫语 , Indo-Iranian 印度伊朗语族 , Armenian 亚美尼亚语族 and Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语族 ; a Western Set:

3、西部诸语族 Celtic 凯尔特语族 , Italic 意大利语族 , Hellenic 希腊语族 ,Germanic 日尔曼语族 . All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary.Prussian 普鲁士语Lithuanian 立陶宛语Polish 波兰语Balto-Slavic 波罗的 -斯拉夫语Czech 捷克斯洛伐克语Bulgarian 保

4、加利亚语Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语RussianAlbanian 阿尔巴尼亚Persian 波斯语Hindi 北印度语Indo-Iranian 印度伊朗语系Bengali 孟加拉语Romany，吉卜赛语Armenian 亚美尼亚语PortugueseSpanishItalic 意大利语族ItalianRoumanian 罗马尼亚语FrenchIndo-EuropeanLanguage FamilyIrishCeltic 凯尔特语BretonScottishNorwegian 挪威语Icelandic ，冰岛语Danish 丹麦语GermanicSwedish 瑞典语日尔曼语言Englis

5、hDutchFlemishGermanHellenic ，古希腊语- GreekChapter 1A General Survey of A WordThe Definition of Word? A word is(1) A minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unity of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning

6、 and syntactic function. A word is a smallest unit of a language.1. The development of English vocabularyThe history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (449 1100)The former inhabitants, the Celtic , the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxon

7、as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.b/ Middle English period (1100-1500)characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and governmental administration (judge,

8、justice)c/ Modern English period (1500-)the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, tech

9、nical and scientific words2.Classification of English Words According to Different CriteriaA. By Origin: native words and loan (borrowed ) wordsIn English language, most native words in Modern English are monosyllabic. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of English language.The fund

10、amental features of the basic word stock are:1. National character;2. Stability;3. Word-forming ability;4. Ability to form collocationsSince the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.B. By level of usa

11、ge1. Common words ( P11 words connected with ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life:“ The repeated telephone calls only annoyed me but made my sister very angry.”)2. Literary words (P12 words are chiefly used in writing, formal speeches, e.g. Feeling fatigued, Tomretired early.):a.

12、 Archaic words;b. Poetical wordsSee P133. Colloquial words: Words used mainly in spoken English, in conversation among friends andcolleagues,e.g.“ John was fired for petty thieving”4. Slang wordsC. By notion: function words and content ( P 17)function words are short words such as determiners, conju

13、nctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so on, they serve grammatical meaningContent words have lexical meaning, such as nouns, main verbs, adj and adv.e.g. The passerby was hit by the truck.Chapter 2Word-Structure and Word-Formation(1)1. The definition of morpheme1.1 What is the smallest meaningful

14、 linguistic unit of language? - morpheme What are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A wordis the smallest unit thatstands alone to communicate meaning.1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents of morpheme?语素词素-形位2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound.Free morphemes, also ca

15、lled content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes , known as grammatical morphemes, must appe

16、ar with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixationalmorphemes).Task:(1) Read the following words and fi

17、nd the root in each word. heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness, sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly.(2) What is your definition of root?A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed.(3) Is a root necessarily a free mo

18、rpheme? Why? 2.2.1 Two types of roots- Free rootIn English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith.- Bound rootHowever, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class of bound morphemes. For example, ceive in rece

19、ive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc.these roots cannot be used to form new words.2.2.2 Two types of affixesAffix is a collective term for the type of formative ( 构词成分 ) that can be used only when added to

20、 another morpheme.- Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to express the following meanings:(1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes;en in oxen.(2) the genitive case: e.g. s in boy s, children s.(3) the verbal endings: for example,a. -(e)s in words like eats, t

21、eaches shows the third person singular present tense.b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the present participle or gerund.c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or past participle.(4) the comparative and superlative degrees:e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in

22、words like smallest, hardest.- Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes)can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.? (1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite.As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech.task: list some prefix

23、es that can modify the parts of speech.-en-(em-) as in words like embody,enrich- be- as in words like befriend, belittle- a- as in words like asleep, aside? (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root, e.g.: darkness,By the addition of the suffix,the word isusually changed from one part ofspeech into an

24、other, e.g. liberation, modernize.2.3 Relationship between the two classifications of morphemesworker.morphemefreemorphemeboundmorphemeBound rootinflectional affixesderivational affixesprefixessuffixesMorphemeIt is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in th

25、e composition of words.a) Bound morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.What is an allomorph?An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.语素 /形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.3.5 Morpheme and Word-formationIn word-formation, morphemes are label

26、ed root, stem, base and affix.在构词法中 , 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。Two types of affixes:Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀Inflectionalaffixes function as grammatical markers.表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。-s ,-es ,ing,-er ,or -(e)d,estDerivational affixes or derivational morphemesThey can be further divide

27、d into prefixes and suffixes.(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewrite.As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech.(2) Suffixes are affixes after the rootBy the addition of the suffix, the word isusually changed from one part of speech in

28、to another, e.g.liberation, modernize.Root, stem, base 词根、词干、词基A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been remove

29、d. 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem.词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。它与词根有区别， 因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式， 在上面可以加上派生词缀。 但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。 词

30、基与词干也是不同的， 因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。Task: Analyse the word in terms of root, stem and base.undesirable (n.): 不是词根 （可再分解） ；是词干（可以加屈折词缀，如名词复数-s），也是词基。free morpheme (自由形位 )Morpheme:bound root ( 粘附词根 )(形位)bound morpheme（ 粘附形 位）inflectional affix（屈折词缀）affixprefix（前缀）（词缀）derivational affix（派生词缀）

31、suffix（后缀）1.Affixation (derivation) 词缀法Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixesto stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. According to the positions that affixes occ

32、upy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses; prefixation and suffixation.Prefixation: Prefix do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes. e. g. asleep a (a- + v), encourage V

33、 (en- + n), unearth V (un- + n), de-oil V (de- + n), postwar a (post- + n), intercollege a (inter- +n) and others. These make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class-changing nature. Their chief function is toc

34、hange the meaning of the stems.Suffixation: Suffixes have only a small semantic role; their primary function is to change the grammatical function of stems. They mainly change the word class. Therefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into four groups.2. compoundingCompounding, also c

35、alled composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a 'lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word' (Quirk et al 1985). Silkworm 蚕

36、 and hone-ybee 蜜蜂 are compounds; so are tear gas 催泪 and easy chair 安乐椅 . These examples show that compounds can be written solid (silkworm), hyphenated(honey-bee) and open (tear gas and easy chair) As open compounds are the same in form as free phrases, what is the dividing line between them?2.1Char

37、acteristics of CompoundsCompounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects.1. Phonetic features In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas innoun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stressIn cases of two stresses,the comp

38、ound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases, e.g.CompoundFree phrasea 'hot1house 温房 , 暖房 ,干燥室a hot 'housea 'black horse a black 'horsea 'green room a green 'roomBut these stress

39、patterns of compounds are not absolute. Sometimes, the primary stress may also fall on the second element as in ash-'blonde 灰银 and , bottle- 'green 深绿色的 as well as in combining-form compounds, socio-lin 'guistic, psycho-a 'nalysis. Therefore, this is not always reliable.2. Semantic f

40、eatures Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, a green hand is an 'inexperienced person', not a hand that is green in colour; red meat refers to 'beef' or 'lamb' rather than any

41、meat that is red in colour; hot dog is by no means a dog that is hot, but a typical American sausage in between two pieces of bread. The meanings of such examples cannot be easily inferred from the two components of the compounds. Nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent, that is the meaning

42、 can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. Consider the following random examples: disaster- related, flower pot, washing machine, dumb show 哑剧 , scarlet fever 猩红热 and many others. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the origi

43、nal identity.3. Grammatical features A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. Bad-mouth used as a verb can take the third person singular -s and the past tense marker -ed, e. g. 'He bad-mouthed me. 苛刻批评 ' (Bolinger and Se

44、ars 1981) Compound nouns show their plural forms by taking inflectional -s at the end, e.g. new-borns, three-year-olds, will-o '-the-wisps, major generals. 少将 Of course, there are exceptions such as brothers-in-law, lookers-on . In spite of this their single grammatical role is apparent.In adjec

45、tive-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes, for example:CompoundFree phrasefine art 美术finer art 美艺术red tape 官样文章reddest tape最红带子hot linehotter line 线路 , 航线3. ConversionConversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This i

46、s amethod of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Look at the word round in the following

47、sentences:4a He was knocked out in the first round. 4b Round the number off to the nearest tenth.4c The neighbours gathered round our barbecue.4d The moon was bright and round.4e People came from all the country round.(from Lodwig & Barrett 1973)4. Blending 拼缀法4.1 What is blending?Blending is a

48、process of word-formation in which a new word is formed from two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms. The result of such a process is called a blend, which combines the sounds and the meaning of two others.The majority of blends are nouns, very fe

49、w are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. According to structure, blends fall into four major groups.4.2 Classification of blendingStructurally, blends can be subdivided into the following five groups:(1) The first part of the first word + the last part of the second one: head + tailChinglish, smog

50、(2) First part of the first word + first part of the second word: head + headsci-fi, telecon(3) Whole form of the first word + last part of the second one: word + tailnewscast, workfare(4) First part of the first word + whole form of the second one: head + wordheliport, telediagnosis(5) Whole form o

51、f the first word + first part of the second one: word+ head skylabMany blends have only a very short life and are very informal. They are particularly common in commercial and journalistic language.5. ClippingAnother common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the or

52、iginal and using what remains instead. In modern times, people tend to be economical in writing and speech to keep up with the tempo of new life style. To save time one is likely to clip words that are frequently used. There are four common types of clipping:(5) Front Clipping 截前留后Quake(earthquake)c

53、opter (helicopter)phone (telephone)gym (gymnastics)scope (telescope)(6) Back clipping 截后留前Dorm(dormitory)memo(memorandum)disco(discotheque)stereo (stereophonic)(7) Front and back clipping 截前后留中间(8) Phrase clipping 截词组Pub (public house)zoo(zoological garden)pop(popular music) perm(permanent waves)6.

54、Acronymy 首字母拼音法Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.Depending on the pronunciation, words formedin this way are called initialisms 词首字母缩略词or acronyms 首字母拼音词1)Letters repr

55、esent full words: VOA, BBC, c/o= care of由 .转交 , p.c.= post card2) Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a word: TV. ID=identity card, GHQ=General Headquarters.Acronyms A word formed from the initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, such as radar for ra dio d etecting a nd r anging.NATO, AIDS BASIC,TEFLN-bomb, D-day, V-day7. Back-formation 逆构法Words created through this way are mostly verbs. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal.What is back-formation?