非谓语动词WORD

1、非谓语动词专题 负责人：李晓秀考试说明的内容及要求 1.三种非谓语动词形式的构成及其内涵; 2.不同的非谓语动词形式在句子中的不同语法功能; 3.句子结构的知识、词类及其功能（句子成分）、从句的知识近五年安徽高考考点分布及命题趋势 考点考查情况非谓语动词作状语2008年第30题 2010年第30题2011年第30题2012年30题非谓语动词作定语2009年第28题非谓语动词作宾语2012年第24题 从近五年安徽英语试题来看，非谓语动词作状语时安徽高考的热点，非谓语动词作定语和宾语也是安徽高考的重点。预计未来高考将继续保持这种趋势一轮复习中存在的问题从一轮复习的四次诊断性测试来看，在非谓语动词试

2、题命题过程中，如果试题中出现较为复杂的句子结构时，学生往往很难判断出设空在句子中充当的成分，进而容易出现误选。教学重点与教学策略 1.鉴于高考命题趋势和学生中存在的问题，在非谓语动词的教学中应让学生真正领悟非谓语动词的内涵 2.解答非谓语动词时遵循以下解题思路：(1) 解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中的成分（如状语、定语或宾语）（2）找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语时什么关系（3）搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。（4）将该选项置入空中，看能否做到字从意顺，或传达有效信息、完成交际任务。专题教学主要内容基本概念：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、

3、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。一.非谓语动词的形式1.肯定式非谓语动词主动形式被动形式不定式一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing-完成式to have done To have been done完成进行式to have been doing-现在分词/动名词一般式doingbeing done完成式having doneHaving been done过去分词-done2. 否定式：以上肯定式前加not,如： not to do, not doing. not to be done3

4、. 复合结构：(1)动名词的复合结构就是在动名词前加上它的逻辑主语。形式为：名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+动名词。当动名词复合结构作宾语时可用名词的普格，代词的宾格作逻辑主语His not coming to my birthday party made me a little anxious,I remember Janes/Jane going there.(2)不定式的复合结构: for/of sb/sth +不定式 It is a must for us to have a good command of the English language.二.非谓语动词的句法作用 三 非谓语动

5、词常见考点 考点一：非谓语动词作主语 1.不定式和动名词都可作主语，谓语通常用单数。但动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为;不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。 Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火会发生危险。（指一个具体的动作）2. 动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，而把真正的不定式主语放在句尾。常用句型有句型：（1）It +be +形容词+to do sth.(It would be foolish not to accept his of

6、fer.)（2）It+ be +形容词.+ for sb to do sth（for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语） It would be hard for one to do a bit of good.（3）It+ be +形容词.+ of sb. to do sth.（当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of） It was selfish of him not to contribute anything（4）It+ be + 名词 +to do sth. It was not his habit to ask people for things.（5）

7、It+ 动词（+宾语）+to do sth It took me a year to save up for a new coat.（6）It +be +介词短语+to do sth It is beyond my power to answer this question.3 为避免头重脚轻，可以用it 作形式主语，真正的动名词主语后置，常用句型 no(little) use/good useless It is/was worth doing not any use/good of little use/good It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水

8、难收考点二：非谓语动词作宾语一、不定式作宾语 1下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。 decide/determine, learn,want,expect/wish/hope; refuse manage ,care, pretend offer,promise,choose,plan; agree,ask/beg,help此外 afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。如 She pretended not to see me when I passed by.2用代词

9、it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语不定式结构放在句尾。需用it代不定式作宾语的动词有：find, make, think, consider, feel 等。He feels it his duty to say that you are wrong.3有些动词后可用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语，常用的动词有：decide, discover, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, think, wonder. eg. we dont know where to go.4. 不定式作宾语一般不作介词的宾语，仅限于but/except/besides等几个有限的介词。如果

10、介词前为动词do的某种形式，则后接不带to的不定式，否则带to. 此外cannot choose but,cannot help but, cannot but 等后面的不定式也省略 toWe could do nothing but wait. We have no choice but to wait.We cant choose but wait.二、动名词作宾语1.下列动词（词组）只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记口诀 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,e

11、xcuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy;avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imagine,risk,cant help,mind,allow/admit,escape此外 be used/accustomed to; lead to; devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand, give up, feel like, insi

12、st on, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in)have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语三、.某些动词既可以跟不定式作宾语也可以跟动名词作宾语1、跟不定式作宾语和跟动名词作宾语没有太大区别的动词 Start/begin,intend,continue,attempt,plan 注意：begin,start是“物”作主语，本身是进行时态或所接宾语是表示心理活动的动词时，其后只能接不定式She s

13、tarted to realize the situation.They are beginning to make a plan.2、 跟不定式作宾语和跟动名词作宾语细微区别的动词Like,love,prefer,dislike,hate,etc. 接动词表示经常性、习惯性动作 接不定式表示一次性、具体的动作3、跟不定式作宾语和跟动名词作宾语有差别动词 1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3）remember

14、 to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味着7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）cant help (to) do sth不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth情不自禁做某事考点三：非谓语动词作表语 1不定式作表语表示主语的“职业，职责和性质”等。

15、 2动名词作表语说明主语的具体内容Our work is serving the people 3现在分词作表语表示主语的性质、特征 4过去分词作表语表主语所处的状态 They were very excited at the news Travelling is interesting but tiring注意：若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致 Seeing is believing.(To see is to believe)考点四：非谓语动词作定语一、不定式作定语 1.表将来 The car to be bought is for his sister.2.被修饰的名词前有

16、序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a, the等限定词时候，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。如：He is the best man to do the job. 3. 不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词，说明其内容ability， drive，movement，ambition， effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会chance机会 force， promise,courage, intention意向，意图 reason decision

17、决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光 determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力， tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿Do you have the ability to read and write in English?二、动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的用途和性能 a sleeping bag a walking stick a swimming pool 三、分词作定语，相当与一个定语从句，通常单个词要前置，短语要后置。 1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式意义v-ing被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系being do

18、ne被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行done被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成 Do you know the boy standing at the gate?Have you read the book written by Lu Xun？2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式意义V.-ing表示正在进行或表示特征done表示完成或状态boiling water正在沸腾的水 a good-looking flower一朵好看的花（表特征）boild water白开水（表完成）falling leaves正在下落的叶子 fallen leaves已经下落的叶子3.英语中有些表示感觉的动词

19、，其现在分词形式表示“令人感动”过去分词表示“感到” an exciting voice令人兴奋的声音 a puzzling expression令人困惑的表情 an excited voice兴奋的声音 a puzzled expression感到困惑的表情练习：考点五：非谓语动词作补语1.后接不定式作宾补的动词及动词词组 ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish, warn, expect, prefer, encourage, wait for, call on, de

20、pend on等二 .非谓语动词作感官动词使役动词的宾语补足语 1)感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observ的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例 doing sth看见正做某事 do sth看见做了某事See+宾语 being done看见正在被做 done看见被做注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表示完成或状态I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.2)使役动词make,let,have,get的宾语补足语 1）make/let +宾语+ do让某人做某事（宾语与宾补是逻辑上的主动关系）

21、 done 让被做（宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系） 2）have +宾语 + do sth 使做某事 doing sth 使持续做某事 done 使被做或使遭受注意：a)have sb doing sth若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。如 I wont have you speaking to your Dad like that. b)have sth to do 结构中”have”作“有”的意思，不定式作定语 I have something urgent to inform you. 3)get +宾语+ to do sth使做 doing sth使持续做某事；使某人/物行

22、动起来 done使被做 The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.三.下列动词（词组）在主动语态中用不带“to”的不定式作补足语，但在被动语态中要加上”to”:它们是“吾看三室一厅一感觉” 5看（look at ,see,watch,notice,observe,） 3使（make,let,have）; 2听(listen to,hear) 1感觉（feel）四、动词leave,keep,set,find,catch 及介词with后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况 1 leave+ sb doi

23、ng留下某人一直做某事（宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的主动关系） sth undone留下某事没做（宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动和完成） sb to do留下某人去做某事 （不定式表示将来的动作） sth to be done 留下某事未做2 keep sb/sth doing 使/让某人/物一直做 Sb/sth done 使某人/物被如：Keep the engine running.You should keep me informed of his whereabouts.3. set sb to do sth(=make sb do sth) 让某人做某事 Sb/sth doi

24、ng让某人/物开始做某事，让某事开始发生 Eg. He set the students to set down what he said. Her words set us thinking.4. find sb doing sth发现某人正在做某事 Sth done发现某事已经被 sb/sth(to be)发现某人/物如：We found him (to be) dishonest.Often I found her quietly weeping alone.I found her buried in a novel.5.catch sb doing sth 撞见某人正做某事 I cat

25、ched him reading my private letters.6.with sb/sth doing 表主动且进行，或表特征 sth being done 表被动而且进行 sth done 表被动而且完成，或表状态 sth to do 表示将来如：John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to sottle,the newly-elected president is having a h

26、ard time.7.注意下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语Sb be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/thought to do /to have done/to be doing 如：He is said to have gone abroad=It is said that he has gone abroad. Heat is considered to be a form of energy. They are supposed to here an hour ago.考点六：非谓语动词作状语一不定式、分词作状语的基本原则 不定式、分词作状语时

27、，不定式、分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致 Not knowing English, he couldnt understand the movie He went home to see his parents.二、不定式作状语表目的、结果或原因 1.不定式作目的状语常用“so as to/in order to”。so as to 不可位于句首。不定式作目的不可用逗号与句子隔开To make himself heard, he raised his voice.(目的)Bob took down my teltphone number so as /in order not to f

28、orget it. 2.不定式作结果状语 不定式短语表示结果时，常于only, just连用，暗示一种“意外的结果，意想不到，不料” He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. He hurried to the booking office, only to be told that all the tickets have been sold out.(2) 常用于以下结构：so as to; such as to; tooto; enoughto Im too tired to walk any further tonight. M

29、y son is old enough to go to school alone. Would you be so kind as to give me an early reply? Im not such a fool as to believe that.注：在有些句子中，tooto 可表示肯定含义(略)3.跟在某些表示喜怒哀乐等感情的词后面表原因。 e.g.: Im sorry to have troubled you. He was surprised to learn how much shed spent.三、分词作状语 1、分词作状语时其形式的选择形式意义v.-ing与句中主

30、语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句中谓语动词动作同时发生，或没有一定的时间性having done与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词动作发生done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成或没有一定的时间性being done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且与谓语动词动作同时发生，一般作原因状语位于句首having been done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且先于谓语动词动作之前2.分词或分词短语作状语时，为了强调，还可与while,when,once,if,unless等连词连用表时间： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced

31、worker. 表原因： Being a League member, he is always helping others. 表行为方式或伴随状况： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. Alice stopped speaking as if waiting for him to speak. 表条件： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 表结果： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 表让步： Though r

32、aining heavily, it cleared up very soon. Weighing almost 100 pounds, the stone was moved by him alone3. 独立成分（垂悬分词）作状语： Frankly speaking（坦白地说），seeing（考虑到），considering/ taking into consideration（考虑到），supposing/ providingprovided/ assuming（如果，假使） Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外

33、表看，他一定是个演员。 Walking or sleeping, the subject was always in my mind. Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细4.独立主格结构 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。它的构成是： 名词/代词+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/名词/代词All the tickets having been sold out, they went away dis

34、appointedly. Time permitting, well do another two exercises.考点七：非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动含义。 一、不定式主动形式表被动含义。1.当不定式短语作定语，与所修饰的名词或代词之间是动宾关系时，主句主句又是不定式的逻辑主语时，则使用不定式的主动语态表示被动意义。如： I have a lot of things to do today. Ill go to Beijing.Do you anything to be taken to your son?2. 在“主语+系动词+形容词+不定式”句型中，如果作表语的形容词表示主语给人的心

35、理感觉或感受时，则即使不定式与主语之间为被动关系，但必须使用 主动语态。如：His novel is interesting to read. The car is expensive to buy.3. 在“主语+think/find+宾语+形容词+不定式”句型中，如果作宾补的形容词表示宾语给人的心里感觉或感受时，则即使不定式与宾语之间为被动关系，但必须使用主动语态。 We think English easy to learn.4某些表示出租、责备、解雇之类的不定式短语作表语使用，常用主动语态表 示被动意义。如：let，rent，hire，blame等。 The house is to l

36、et/rent. 这房屋出租。 He is not to blame. 他不该受责备。5.不定式修饰there be句型中的主语时，主动形式表达被动含义，也可用被动形式 。如： There are many problems to work out/to be worked out.6.“tooto”结构中，不定式主动表被动 The meat is too hot to eat.二、动名词的主动语态表示被动意义 （1）“need，want，require，deserve”等词跟动名词的主动形式作宾语表示与主语之间为被动关系，也可以使用不定式的被动语态作宾语。如： The matter requ

37、ires looking into (to be looked into). He deserves punishment/punishing/to be punished. （2）It is worth doing sth. = Sth. be worth doing. = Sth. be worthy to be done. = Sth. be worthy of being done.精讲例题一、分析句子结构 1. _many times , but he still couldnt understand it .2. _many times , he still couldnt und

38、erstand it . A. Having been told . B. Told C. He was told D. Though he had been told 3. _to the left , youll find the post office .4. If you _to the left , youll find the post office . 5. _to the left , and youll find the post office . A. Turning B. To turn C. Turn D. Turned 分析：句1. 用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，

39、前面也是个独立句子成分，故选C。 句2. 句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A， 用非谓语动词作状语。 句3. 同句2，选A 。 句4. 前面用if 引导从句，故选C ，构成 从句谓语。 句5. 同句1，选C。 二、分析逻辑主语 确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。 1. _no buses , we have to walk home . A. There being B.

40、 It were C. There were D. It being 2. _Sunday I shall have a quiet day at home . 分析：句1. 表示没有公共汽车，应用there be结构，即逻辑主语是there，故选A 。 句2. 同理选D。 三、分析语态 分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系 1. _from space , the earth looks blue . 2._from space , we can see the earth is blue . A. Seen B. Seeing C. To

41、see D.See 这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 分析：句1. 地球被看起来，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。 句2. 我们主动看.即表主动，故选B。 3. The dirty clothes _ , the girl hung them up outside .4. _ the dirty clothes ,the girl hung them up outside . A. was washed B. washed C.were washed D.having washed 分析：句3. 前面应用非谓语动词作句子的状语，逻辑主语是th

42、e dirty clothes，和动词搭配表示衣服被洗，故选B。 句4. 逻辑主语为句子的主语the girl，表示女孩洗衣服，为主动关系，故选D。四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。 1. The building _now will be a restaurant . 2. The building _next year will be a restaurant . 3. The building _last year is a restaurant. A. having been built B.to be built C.being built D.

43、 built 句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。 句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B. 句3中 last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D。 又如： 1. He stood there_for his mother . 2. _for two hours , he went away . A. waiting B. to wait C. waited D.Having waited 句1表示站在那等，两个动词同时发生，故选A作伴随状语。 句2表示已经等了两个小时，发生在谓语动词went

44、 away 之前，故用完成式，选D 。反馈试卷1.The discovery of new evidence led to _. A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught2.-Tell me more about your appointment! - We hardly spoke,but when left,I regretted _ to her more. A.speaking B.having spoken C.not speaki

45、ng D.not to speak3.The lawyer listened with full attention,_ to miss any point. A. not trying B. trying not to C. to try not D. not to try4.Its important for the figures _ regularly. A.to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D.to have updated5.He got well-prepared for the job interview, f

46、or he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost6.One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them. A.corrects B.correct C.to correct D.correcting7.Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admi

47、t8.【2011四川卷,2】Ladex doest feel like abroad. Her parents are old. A. study B. studying C. studied D.to study 9.【2011辽宁卷,23】Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach to read fast. A. what B. who C. how D. why10.In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A. sticking B. Stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck11.Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run12.You are supposed to leave your child _ his