写作教程第2版课件u4

1、English Writing IIUnit 4 Customs The focus in this unit is on the features and organizational patterns of process and the use of relevant linking devices in writings of process analysis. At the end of the unit you are expected to be able to use techniques of process description in paragraph writing.

2、Part I Warm-up Activities Look at the pictures on page34, and describe how cookies are made. new words for reference: 原料：ingredients 擀（面）：roll 面团：paste 蛋黄：egg yolks 烤箱：oven 烤：bake Reference to the process description: 1. Blend all the ingredients. 2. Roll the paste into round cookies. 3. Brush the p

3、aste with egg yolks. 4. Then put it in the oven to bake.Part II Process Analysis Process writing organizes its ideas according to the steps of the process. The procedures or steps have to be arranged as they reasonably or objectively (not randomly) occur. The purpose of process description is usuall

4、y to inform, teach, or give ideas to the reader about how something new (or interesting or conventional) happens or in what way it can be completed. Organizational Structure Read sample 1&2, finish their following tables, and summarize the features as they show in the paragraphs. Sample 1 Questi

5、ons: 1. What is the topic of the paragraph? This paragraph offers a recipe of making chocolate chip cookies. Complete the table according to the steps in Sample 1: Step 1 Get ready flour, water, sugar, salt, eggs, and chocolate. Step 2 Mix flour and baking soda together with water. Step 3 Add salt a

6、nd put butter and sugar together in a separate bowl. Step 4 Add two eggs to this mixture. Step 5 Mix in chocolate chips and nuts after combining all the ingredients Step 6 Place the little cookies formed from the mixture onto a cookie sheet. Step 7 Bake all these pieces for 8 minutes at 375 degrees

7、Fahrenheit. Step 8 (result) Here are the chocolate chip cookies that can be served for afternoon tea. Summarize the pattern of process description in the paragraph. We have observed that the sample paragraph explains or describes the successive steps of making some cookies for afternoon tea in Brita

8、in. This pattern of organization is called process writing. In this pattern, you may illustrate the process of doing something in detail from beginning to end. And the description of these details has to follow the order of the actual steps. Sample 2 Questions 1.What is discussed in the text? This p

9、aragraph tells us about the famous bullfight in Spain. Now discuss in groups the organization of the paragraph and then fill in the table below: What are the steps involved in the performance? Step 1 Performers are seen walking across the ring to the music (audience waiting for the first bull to run

10、 in from that small wooden door). Step 2 Various performances start (by the assistant bullfighters, the horse-riders, those to throw sticks, and the final bullfighter). Step 3 The fighting bulls finally get killed. Step 4 The bullfighter receives applause and awards, or abuse, cushions or other thin

11、gs. Step 5 The ring place is cleaned up. Summarize the pattern the sample paragraphs follow: You may have noticed many similarities as well as some slight differences between the organizational patterns of Sample 1 and Sample 2. On the whole, Sample 2 follows a similar pattern of organization to Sam

12、ple 1 in the way it describes the process from beginning to end. In such a pattern, the writer may conveniently structure his paragraph by the steps as they actually happen, while effectiveness is also achieved. Within this framework, transitional devices are often used to ensure a smooth flow from

13、one step to the next.(differences) However, Sample 2 is not as completely a description of a process as Sample 1 in that sentences of explanation or classification are added here and there to further clarify the procedure. This is, in fact, more typical of process writing.Linking Devices Read the fo

14、llowing two paragraphs and answer the questions: 1. What topics do the paragraphs mainly deal with? Both paragraphs deal with a similar topic: buying Christmas cards. 2. Which paragraph is easier to understand? Paragraph B is easier to understand. 3. What makes this particular paragraph easier to un

15、derstand? It has certain words and phrases that help clarify the relationship between steps of the buying process. 4. What pattern of organization can be identified in Paragraph B? This paragraph combines the characteristics of Samples 1 and 2 in terms of organization. It not only starts from the pr

16、eliminary stage to the end of the process, but also contains some sentences which provide supplementary comments or explanations where necessary. Now work in groups and find out those words and phrases that indicate the order of procedures in paragraph B.The process of buying cards Whenever begin to

17、 first then start doing some other finally In this way but anyhow Can you think of any other expression indicating process analysis? whenever begin to do / start doing at the beginning of first then finally afterwards then comes some other after / before this in advance now when all this is done sig

18、nal the end of Unit Summary In this unit we have discussed two types of process writing: exclusive description of the procedures in a process and description with supplementary explanations. The exclusive process description allows the writer to cover all the steps or procedures from beginning to end, whereas the second type requires the writer to clarify certain steps with additional