APA格式原文参考

1、APACitationStyleAPAcitationstylereferstotherulesandconventionsestablishedbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationfordocumentingsourcesusedinaresearchpaper.APAstylerequiresbothin-textcitationsandareferencelist.Foreveryin-textcitationthereshouldbeafullcitationinthereferencelistandviceversa.TheexamplesofA

2、PAstylesandformatslistedonthispageincludemanyofthemostcommontypesofsourcesusedinacademicresearch.ForadditionalexamplesandmoredetailedinformationaboutAPAcitationstyle,refertothePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandtheAPAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferences.Also,forautomaticgenerationo

3、fcitationsinappropriatecitationstyle,useabibliographiccitationmanagementprogramsuchasRefworksorEndNote.YoucanfindmoreinformationonthisinourCitationManagementpage.ReferenceCitationsinTextInAPAstyle,in-textcitationsareplacedwithinsentencesandparagraphssothatitisclearwhatinformationisbeingquotedorparap

4、hrasedandwhoseinformationisbeingcited.Examples:WorksbyasingleauthorThelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublicationareinsertedinthetextattheappropriatepoint.fromtheoryonboundedrationality(Simon,1945)Ifthenameoftheauthororthedateappearaspartofthenarrative,citeonlymissinginformationinparentheses.Simon(19

5、45)positedthatWorksbymultipleauthorsWhenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursinthetext.Inparentheticalmaterialjointhenameswithanampersand(&).ashasbeenshown(Leiter&Maslach,1998)Inthenarrativetext,jointhenameswiththewordand.asLeiterandMaslach(1998)demonstratedWhenaworkhasth

6、ree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs.Kahneman,Knetsch,andThaler(1991)foundInallsubsequentcitationsperparagraph,includeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.(Latinforandothers)andtheyearofpublication.Kahnemanetal.(1991)foundWorksbyassociations,corporations,govern

7、mentagencies,etc.Thenamesofgroupsthatserveasauthors(corporateauthors)areusuallywrittenouteachtimetheyappearinatextreference.(NationalInstituteofMentalHealthNIMH,2007)Whenappropriate,thenamesofsomecorporateauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstreferenceandabbreviatedinallsubsequentcitations.Thegeneralrulefor

8、abbreviatinginthismanneristosupplyenoughinformationinthetextcitationforareadertolocateitssourceintheReferenceListwithoutdifficulty.(NIMH,2007)WorkswithnoauthorWhenaworkhasnoauthor,usethefirsttwoorthreewordsoftheworkstitle(omittinganyinitialarticles)asyourtextreference,capitalizingeachword.Placetheti

9、tleinquotationmarksifitreferstoanarticle,chapterofabook,orWebpage.Italicizethetitleifitreferstoabook,periodical,brochure,orreport.onclimatechange(ClimateandWeather,1997)GuidetoAgriculturalMeteorologicalPractices(1981)Anonymousauthorsshouldbelistedassuchfollowedbyacommaandthedate.onclimatechange(Anon

10、ymous,2008)SpecificpartsofasourceTociteaspecificpartofasource(alwaysnecessaryforquotations),includethepage,chapter,etc.(withappropriateabbreviations)inthein-textcitation.(Stigter&Das,1981,p.96)DeWaal(1996)overstatedthecasewhenheassertedthatweseemtobereaching.fromthehandsofphilosophers(p.218).Ifpagen

11、umbersarenotincludedinelectronicsources(suchasWeb-basedjournals),providetheparagraphnumberprecededbytheabbreviationpara.ortheheadingandfollowingparagraph.(M?nnich&Spiering,2008,para.9)ReferenceListReferencescitedinthetextofaresearchpapermustappearinaReferenceListorbibliography.Thislistprovidestheinf

12、ormationnecessarytoidentifyandretrieveeachsource.Order:Entriesshouldbearrangedinalphabeticalorderbyauthorslastnames.Sourceswithoutauthorsarearrangedalphabeticallybytitlewithinthesamelist.Authors:Writeoutthelastnameandinitialsforallauthorsofaparticularwork.Useanampersand(&)insteadofthewordandwhenlist

13、ingmultipleauthorsofasinglework.Smith,J.D.,&Jones,M.Titles:Capitalizeonlythefirstwordofatitleorsubtitle,andanypropernamesthatarepartofatitle.Pagination:Usetheabbreviationp.orpp.todesignatepagenumbersofarticlesfromperiodicalsthatdonotusevolumenumbers,especiallynewspapers.Theseabbreviationsarealsoused

14、todesignatepagesinencyclopediaarticlesandchaptersfromeditedbooks.Indentation*:Thefirstlineoftheentryisflushwiththeleftmargin,andallsubsequentlinesareindented(5to7spaces)toformahangingindent.Underliningvs.Italics*:Itisappropriatetouseitalicsinsteadofunderliningfortitlesofbooksandjournals.Twoadditiona

15、lpiecesofinformationshouldbeincludedforworksaccessedonline.InternetAddress*:AstableInternetaddressshouldbeincludedandshoulddirectthereaderascloseaspossibletotheactualwork.Iftheworkhasadigitalobjectidentifier(DOI),usethis.IfthereisnoDOIorsimilarhandle,useastableURL.IftheURLisnotstable,asisoftenthecas

16、ewithonlinenewspapersandsomesubscription-baseddatabases,usethehomepageofthesiteyouretrievedtheworkfrom.Date:Iftheworkisafinalizedversionpublishedanddated,asinthecaseofajournalarticle,thedatewithinthemainbodyofthecitationisenough.However,iftheworkisnotdatedand/orissubjecttochange,asinthecaseofanonlin

17、eencyclopediaarticle,includethedatethatyouretrievedtheinformation.*TheAPAhasspecialformattingstandardsfortheuseofindentationanditalicsinmanuscriptsorpapersthatwillbetypesetorsubmittedforofficialpublication.Formoredetailedinformationonthesepublicationstandards,refertothePublicationManualoftheAmerican

18、PsychologicalAssociation,orconsultwithyourinstructorsoreditorstodeterminetheirstylepreferences.*SeetheAPAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferencesforinformationonhowtoformatURLsthattakeupmorethanoneline.Examples:Articlesinjournals,magazines,andnewspapersReferencestoperiodicalarticlesmustincludethefollowingel

19、ements:author(s),dateofpublication,articletitle,journaltitle,volumenumber,issuenumber(ifapplicable),andpagenumbers.Journalarticle,oneauthor,accessedonlineKu,G.(2008).Learningtode-escalate:Theeffectsofregretinescalationofcommitment.OrganizationalBehaviorandHumanDecisionProcesses,105(2),221-232.doi:Jo

20、urnalarticle,twoauthors,accessedonlineSanchez,D.,&King-Toler,E.(2007).Addressingdisparitiesconsultationandoutreachstrategiesforuniversitysettings.ConsultingPsychologyJournal:PracticeandResearch,59(4),286-295.doi:1065-Journalarticle,morethantwoauthors,accessedonlineVanVugt,M.,Hogan,R.,&Kaiser,R.B.(20

21、08).Leadership,followership,andevolution:Somelessonsfromthepast.AmericanPsychologist,63(3),182-196.doi:ArticlefromanInternet-onlyjournalHirtle,P.B.(2008,July-August).Copyrightrenewal,copyrightrestoration,andthedifficultyofdeterminingcopyrightstatus.D-LibMagazine,14(7/8).doi:july2008-hirtleJournalart

22、iclefromasubscriptiondatabase(noDOI)Colvin,G.(2008,July21).Informationworth,158(2),73-79.RetrievedfromBusinessSourceComplete,EBSCO.RetrievedfromMagazinearticle,inprintKluger,J.(2008,January28).Whywelove.Time,171(4),54-60.Newspaperarticle,noauthor,inprintAspricessurge,ThailandpitchesOPEC-stylericecar

23、tel.(2008,May5).TheWallStreetJournal,p.A9.Newspaperarticle,multipleauthors,discontinuouspages,inprintDelaney,K.J.,Karnitschnig,M.,&Guth,R.A.(2008,May5).MicrosoftendspursuitofYahoo,reassessesitsonlineoptions.TheWallStreetJournal,pp.A1,A12.BooksReferencestoanentirebookmustincludethefollowingelements:a

24、uthor(s)oreditor(s),dateofpublication,title,placeofpublication,andthenameofthepublisher.NoAuthororeditor,inprintMerriam-Websterscollegiatedictionary(11thed.).(2003).Springfield,MA:Merriam-Webster.Oneauthor,inprintKidder,T.(1981).Thesoulofanewmachine.Boston,MA:Little,Brown&Company.Frank,R.H.,&Bernank

25、e,B.(2007).Principlesofmacro-economics(3rded.).Boston,MA:McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporateauthor,authoraspublisher,accessedonlineAustralianBureauofStatistics.(2000).Tasmanianyearbook2000(No.Canberra,AustralianCapitalTerritory:Author.RetrievedfromEditedbookGibbs,J.T.,&Huang,L.N.(Eds.).(2001).Childrenofcolo

26、r:Psychologicalinterventionswithculturallydiverseyouth.SanFrancisco,CA:Jossey-Bass.DissertationsReferencesfordissertationsshouldincludethefollowingelements:author,dateofpublication,title,andinstitution(ifyouaccessedthemanuscriptcopyfromtheuniversitycollections).IfthereisaUMInumberoradatabaseaccessio

27、nnumber,includeitattheendofthecitation.Dissertation,accessedonlineYoung,R.F.(2007).Crossingboundariesinurbanecology:Pathwaystosustainablecities(Doctoraldissertation).AvailablefromProQuestDissertations&Thesesdatabase.(UMINo.327681)EssaysorchaptersineditedbooksReferencestoanessayorchapterinaneditedboo

28、kmustincludethefollowingelements:essayorchapterauthors,dateofpublication,essayorchaptertitle,bookeditor(s),booktitle,essayorchapterpagenumbers,placeofpublication,andthenameofthepublisher.Labajo,J.(2003).Bodyandvoice:Theconstructionofgenderinflamenco.InT.Magrini(Ed.),Musicandgender:perspectivesfromth

29、eMediterranean(pp.67-86).Chicago,IL:UniversityofChicagoPress.TwoeditorsHammond,K.R.,&Adelman,L.(1986).Science,values,andhumanjudgment.InH.R.Arkes&K.R.Hammond(Eds.),Judgementanddecisionmaking:Aninterdisciplinaryreader(pp.127-143).Cambridge,England:CambridgeUniversityPress.Encyclopediasordictionariesa

30、ndentriesinanencyclopediaReferencesforencyclopediasmustincludethefollowingelements:author(s)oreditor(s),dateofpublication,title,placeofpublication,andthenameofthepublisher.Forsourcesaccessedonline,includetheretrievaldateastheentrymaybeeditedovertime.EncyclopediasetordictionarySadie,S.,&Tyrrell,J.(Ed

31、s.).(2002).ThenewGrovedictionaryofmusicandmusicians(2nded.,Vols.1-29).NewYork,NY:Grove.ArticlefromanonlineencyclopediaContainerization.(2008).InEncyclop?diaBritannica.RetrievedMay6,2008,fromEncyclopediaarticleKinni,T.B.(2004).Disney,Walt(1901-1966):FounderoftheWaltDisneyCompany.InEncyclopediaofLeade

32、rship(Vol.1,pp.345-349).ThousandOaks,CA:SagePublications.ResearchreportsandpapersReferencestoareportmustincludethefollowingelements:author(s),dateofpublication,title,placeofpublication,andnameofpublisher.Iftheissuingorganizationassignedanumber.,reportnumber,contractnumber,ormonographnumber)totherepo

33、rt,givethatnumberinparenthesesimmediatelyafterthetitle.Ifitwasaccessedonline,includetheURL.Governmentreport,accessedonlineU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.(2005).Medicaiddrugpricecomparisons:Averagemanufacturerpricetopublishedprices(OIGpublicationNo.OEI-05-05-00240).Washington,DC:Author.Retrie

34、vedfrom05-05-00240Governmentreports,GPOpublisher,accessedonlineCongressionalBudgetOffice.(2008).Effectsofgasolinepricesondrivingbehaviorandvehiclemarkets:ACBOstudy(CBOPublicationNo.2883).Washington,DC:U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice.RetrievedfromTechnicaland/orresearchreports,accessedonlineDeming,D.,&D

35、ynarski,S.(2008).Thelengtheningofchildhood(NBERWorkingPaper14124).Cambridge,MA:NationalBureauofEconomicResearch.RetrievedJuly21,2008,fromDocumentavailableonuniversityprogramordepartmentsiteVictor,N.M.(2008).Gazprom:Gasgiantunderstrain.RetrievedfromStanfordUniversity,ProgramonEnergyandSustainableDeve

36、lopmentWebsite:Audio-visualmediaReferencestoaudio-visualmediamustincludethefollowingelements:nameandfunctionoftheprimarycontributors.,producer,director),date,title,themediuminbrackets,locationorplaceofproduction,andnameofthedistributor.IfthemediumisindicatedaspartoftheretrievalID,bracketsarenotneede

37、d.Videocassette/DVDAchbar,M.(Director/Producer),Abbott,J.(Director),Bakan,J.(Writer),&Simpson,B.(Producer)(2004).ThecorporationDVD.Canada:BigPictureMediaCorporation.AudiorecordingNhatHanh,T.(Speaker).(1998).Mindfulliving:acollectionofteachingsonlove,mindfulness,andmeditationCassetteRecording.Boulder

38、,CO:SoundsTrueAudio.MotionpictureGilbert,B.(Producer),&Higgins,C.(Screenwriter/Director).(1980).NinetofiveMotionPicture.UnitedStates:TwentiethCenturyFox.TelevisionbroadcastAnderson,R.,&Morgan,C.(Producers).(2008,June20).60MinutesTelevisionbroadcast.Washington,DC:CBSNews.TelevisionshowfromaseriesWhed

39、on,J.(Director/Writer).(1999,December14).HushTelevisionseriesepisode.InWhedon,J.,Berman,G.,Gallin,S.,Kuzui,F.,&Kuzui,K.(ExecutiveProducers),BuffytheVampireSlayer.Burbank,CA:WarnerBros.MusicrecordingJackson,M.(1982).Beatit.OnThrillerCD.NewYork,NY:SonyMusic.UndatedWebsitecontent,blogs,anddataForcontentthatdoesnoteasilyfitintocategoriessuchasjournalpapers,books,andreports,keepinmindthegoalofacitationistogivethereaderaclearpathtothesourcematerial.Forelectronicandonlinemateria