独立主格结构及其用法

1、11独立主格结构独立主格结构absolute construction12 （measure）over 90 meters, the tree is the tallest in the park. over 90 meters, he felt surprised.MeasuringThe tree measuring13“独立主格结构是带有独立主格结构是带有自己主语自己主语的的非非谓语动词分句谓语动词分句和和无动词分句无动词分句。常在。常在句中句中作作状语状语，表表谓语动词发生的谓语动词发生的时时间、原因、条件或伴随间、原因、条件或伴随等等。独立主。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号格结

2、构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开和主句隔开。14 由两部分构成：由两部分构成： 第一部分：名词、名词词组或代词第一部分：名词、名词词组或代词 第二部分：动词的非谓语形式第二部分：动词的非谓语形式( 动词不定动词不定式、现在分词短语和过去分词短语式、现在分词短语和过去分词短语)、形容、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语词、副词、名词和介词短语。 The question settled, they went to have their lunch. The man lay there, his hands trembling.15 独立主格结构主要有以下形式：独立主格结构主要有以下形式：1. 名词

3、名词(或代词或代词)+现在分词短语；现在分词短语； 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行主动进行的的动作或动作或状态状态等。等。 As soon as the bell rang, all the students entered the classroom. 此句可改写为：此句可改写为： The bell ringing, all the students entered the classroom. 162. 名词名词(或代词或代词)+过去分词短语；过去分词短语； 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成被动完成的动作的动作或所处的一种或

4、所处的一种状态状态。 As her homework was done, Mary decided to go shopping. 此句可改写为：此句可改写为： Her homework done, Mary decided to go shopping. 173. 名词名词(或代词或代词)+动词不定式；动词不定式； 在这种结构中，名词在这种结构中，名词(或代词或代词)与动词不定式之间与动词不定式之间为为主动主动关系，动词不定式表示关系，动词不定式表示将来将来。 He suggested going for a picnic and Mary would provide the food. 此

5、句可改写为：此句可改写为： He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. 184. 名词名词(或代词或代词)+形容词；形容词；形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，性质，状态，原因状态，原因等。等。 The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. 5. 名词名词(或代词或代词)+副词；副词；副词说明前面名词或代词的副词说明前面名词或代词的状态状态。 He sat at the table, head down

6、. 196. 名词名词(或代词或代词)+介词短语；介词短语； 介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。状态。 Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away. 7. 名词名词(或代词或代词)+名词；名词；名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. 1108. Here (或或there)+现在分词短语；现在分词短语； As there wa

7、s no bus, we had to walk home. 此句可改写为：此句可改写为： There being no bus, we had to walk home. Because here came another guest, I had to buy one more bottle of wine. 此句可改写为：此句可改写为： Here coming another guest, I had to buy one more bottle of wine. 1119. 介词介词with ( like, without, 等等 ) +宾语宾语(名词或代名词或代词词)+宾语补足语构成

8、的独立主格结构；宾语补足语构成的独立主格结构；作宾语补足语的主要有现在分词短语、过去作宾语补足语的主要有现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式、形容词、副词、名词和分词短语、动词不定式、形容词、副词、名词和介词短语等。介词短语等。 现在分词表示目前状态现在分词表示目前状态(主动主动)， 过去分词表示动作已经完成过去分词表示动作已经完成(被动被动)， 动词不定式则表示动作将要发生。动词不定式则表示动作将要发生。112 With you to lead the way, we are sure to get there on time. With so many people communicat

9、ing in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English. With his homework finished, he went to see a film. We could hardly see anything with the lights out. Two guards were standing at the gate, with a gun in their hands. Without one more word spoken, th

10、ey went away. The old man lives alone with the dog his only companion.113 介词介词with + 复合宾语结构复合宾语结构有时也可将介词有时也可将介词with省去，同时也可省去这种结构中的代省去，同时也可省去这种结构中的代词或冠词，这样使句子显得更简练。例如：词或冠词，这样使句子显得更简练。例如： The teacher went into the classroom, with a book in his hand.= The teacher went into the classroom, book in hand.

11、Jim was standing there, motionless, with his eyes fixed upon Della.= Jim was standing there, motionless, eyes fixed upon Della. Tom stood in front of his teacher with his head down.= Tom stood in front of his teacher, head down114 独立主格结构句法功能：独立主格结构句法功能： 多作状语，表时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或多作状语，表时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或补充说明

12、补充说明 The question rather difficult, we must spend more time considering it carefully.( 表示原因表示原因 ) =As the question is rather difficult, we must spend more time considering it carefully. Weather permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow.(表示条件表示条件) =If weather permits, we will go for an outing tom

13、orrow. Thank you！115116 这些独立主格结构相当于相应的状语从句或其这些独立主格结构相当于相应的状语从句或其他结构，这些从句的主语与主句主语不同。他结构，这些从句的主语与主句主语不同。 如果从句的主语与主句主语一致，则只能变为如果从句的主语与主句主语一致，则只能变为分词短语；从句为主动语态时，变为现在分词分词短语；从句为主动语态时，变为现在分词短语；若从句为被动语态时，则变为过去分词短语；若从句为被动语态时，则变为过去分词短语。试比较：短语。试比较： After he did the work, he went home.= Having done the work, he went home. After the work was done, he went home.= The work done, he went home. If water is heated, it will turn into steam.= Heated, water will turn into steam. As so many people were absent, the meeting had to be put off till next week. = So many