第1章复合材料概论

1、Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT复合材料概论复合材料概论1 1Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT54031450dongjiwei_公邮公邮 用户名用户名: composite2011 密密 码：码：gclx2011Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTR. M. 琼斯：复合材料力学（中、英文）琼斯：

2、复合材料力学（中、英文）沈观林、胡更开：复合材料力学，清华大学出版沈观林、胡更开：复合材料力学，清华大学出版社社王震鸣：复合材料力学与复合材料结构力学王震鸣：复合材料力学与复合材料结构力学Stephen W. Tasi：复合材料设计：复合材料设计李顺林：复合材料结构设计方法李顺林：复合材料结构设计方法讲义讲义文献（图书馆和互联网）文献（图书馆和互联网）Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT考核：平时考核：平时20%+大作业大作业30%+考试（开卷）考试（开卷）50%Mechanics

3、 of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT材料力学材料力学复合材料学复合材料学弹性力学弹性力学复合材料复合材料结构力学结构力学复合材料复合材料结构设计方法结构设计方法复合材料动力学复合材料动力学非线性复合材料力学非线性复合材料力学柔性复合材料力学柔性复合材料力学编织复合材料力学编织复合材料力学固体力学范畴固体力学范畴Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composit

4、es Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTCellulose StrandsLignin Polymer 天然复合材料天然复合材料Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & En

5、gineering Science, CUMTDepartment of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT复合材料包括三要素：基体材料、增强相及复合方式（界面结合形式）复合材料包括三要素：基体材料、增强相及复合方式（界面结合形式）按增强相形状不同按增强相形状不同，可分为颗粒、连续纤维、短纤维、弥散，可分为颗粒、连续纤维、短纤维、弥散晶须、层状、骨架或网状、编织体增强复合材料等晶须、层状、骨架或网状、编织体增强复合材料等按照基体材料的不同按照基体材料的不同，复合材料包括聚合物基复合材料、金，复合材料包括聚合物基复合材料、金属基复合材料、陶瓷基复合材料、碳

6、属基复合材料、陶瓷基复合材料、碳/ /碳复合材料等碳复合材料等按使用功能不同按使用功能不同，可分为结构复合材料和功能复合材料等，可分为结构复合材料和功能复合材料等按结构特征不同按结构特征不同，可分为层合复合材料、点阵复合材料、纺可分为层合复合材料、点阵复合材料、纺织复合材料（编织、机织、缝合等）织复合材料（编织、机织、缝合等）复合材料的要素和分类复合材料的要素和分类Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Sci

7、ence, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT 抗氧化、耐腐蚀、耐高温、与金属相容性好抗氧化、耐腐蚀、耐高温、与金属相容性好Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT聚合物（树脂）基复合材料聚合物（树脂）基复合材料Me

8、chanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT玻璃纤维增强塑料（玻璃纤维增强塑料（Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastics, FRP）：俄文）：俄文叫叫 “CTeknonJ1Anhk”（玻璃塑（玻璃塑料）。当时中文里没相应的词，料）。当时中文里没相应的词，想到材料里有玻璃，强度又高，想到材料里有玻璃，强度又高，就叫就叫“玻璃钢玻璃钢”Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science,

9、CUMT金属材料金属材料的高峰的高峰四分天下四分天下Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT 天然天然复合材料复合材料功能复合材料功能复合材料智能复合材料智能复合材料仿生复合材料仿生复合材料纳米复合材料纳米复合材料生物复合材料生物复合材料复合结构复合结构先进复合材料先进复合材料树脂基复合材料树脂基复合材料陶瓷基复合材料陶瓷基复合材料金属基

10、复合材料金属基复合材料碳碳/碳复合材料碳复合材料玻璃钢玻璃钢Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechani

11、cs & Engineering Science, CUMT1. 单层复合材料（单层板）单层复合材料（单层板）Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT2. 叠层复合材料（层合板）叠层复合材料（层合板）Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT3. 短纤维复合材料短纤维复合材料Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Eng

12、ineering Science, CUMT1. 手糊成型法手糊成型法玻璃纤维树脂复合材料玻璃纤维树脂复合材料Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT2. 压力成型法压力成型法碳纤维树脂基复合材料碳纤维树脂基复合材料3. 缠绕成型法缠绕成型法 树脂基复合材料（回转体）树脂基复合材料（回转体）Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT4. 树脂传递模型塑造（树脂传递模型塑造（RTM

13、）制造纤维预制体（编织、机织、针织）制造纤维预制体（编织、机织、针织）RTM成型工艺装置示意图成型工艺装置示意图Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT/b1. 比强度比强度纵向拉伸强度和相对密度的比值纵向拉伸强度和相对密度的比值2. 比模量比模量纵向拉伸模量和相对密度的比值纵向拉伸模量和相对密度的比值/EMechanics of Com

14、posites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT比强度数据对比比强度数据对比Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT比模量数据对比比模量数据对比Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT1. 比强度高比强度高2. 比模量高比模量高3. 可设计性好可设计性好控制铺层方式及参数控制铺层方式及参数4. 制造工艺简单，

15、成本较低制造工艺简单，成本较低5. 某些复合材料热稳定好（碳纤维、芳纶纤维等）某些复合材料热稳定好（碳纤维、芳纶纤维等）6. 耐高温性能好（陶瓷基、碳耐高温性能好（陶瓷基、碳/碳复合材料等）碳复合材料等）Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT1. 各向异性严重各向异性严重2. 材料性能分散度比较大材料性能分散度比较大3. 材料成本较高材料成本较高4. 有些复合材料韧性较差，机械连接困难有些复合材料韧性较差，机械连接困难Mechanics of Composites Departmen

16、t of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTDepartment of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTDepartment of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechan

17、ics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT降低结构质量降低结构质量提高结构效率提高结构效率增加有效载荷增加有效载荷增加射程和续航能力增加射程和续航能力减小能耗、降低成本减小能耗、降低成本机动性能和生存能力机动性能和生存能力Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Scie

18、nce, CUMT以碳以碳/碳、碳碳、碳/酚醛等为代表的酚醛等为代表的多向编织防热复合材料是洲际战略多向编织防热复合材料是洲际战略导弹弹头、固体火箭发动机喷管等导弹弹头、固体火箭发动机喷管等关键热结构部件无可替代的防热关键热结构部件无可替代的防热/结结构材料，要承受超高温、高压和多构材料，要承受超高温、高压和多相粒子流的高速冲刷等极为恶劣的相粒子流的高速冲刷等极为恶劣的服役环境，对其使用规范、可靠性服役环境，对其使用规范、可靠性能否做出准确估算将取决于对该过能否做出准确估算将取决于对该过程力学现象的理解深度程力学现象的理解深度Mechanics of Composites Department

19、 of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT 国防、航空航天领域追求性能第一的特点，使得国防、航空航天领域追求性能第一的特点，使得其成为先进复合材料技术率先实验和转化的战场其成为先进复合材料技术率先实验和转化的战场 弹箭主体结构、弹头、整流罩、固体火箭发动机等各弹箭主体结构、弹头、整流罩、固体火箭发动机等各个部位个部位 卫星承力结构、天线、太阳电池帆板等卫星承力结构、天线、太阳电池帆板等 坦克装甲、避弹产品等坦克装甲、避弹产品等 最大限度地追求复合材料化最大限度地追求复合材料化Mechanics of Composites Department of Me

20、chanics & Engineering Science, CUMT战略导弹弹头减少战略导弹弹头减少1Kg结构结构重量，增加射程重量，增加射程20Km战略导弹三级固体火箭战略导弹三级固体火箭发动机减少发动机减少1Kg结构重量，结构重量，增加射程增加射程16Km某第三级固体发动机壳体采用碳某第三级固体发动机壳体采用碳/环氧复合材料后，结构质量由原环氧复合材料后，结构质量由原来的来的116千克降为千克降为46千克，仅此千克，仅此就将导弹射程提高就将导弹射程提高1000Km以上以上Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineeri

21、ng Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineeri

22、ng Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTX-43“Stratellite ”飞艇飞艇HCV太空船太空船1号号 HAAHeliosMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Co

23、mposites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT复合多层结构（复合多层结构（TPS、热结构、机体结构）、热结构、机体结构）Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT巨型框架和支撑结构巨型框架和支撑结构（几百米的量级）（几百米的量级）Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Compos

24、ites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT0 01010202030304040505019601960195019501970197019801980199019902000200020102010主动载荷控制及颤振控制主动载荷控制及颤振控制自动化设计自动化设计先进结构概念先进结构概念新材料及改进型材料新材料及改进型材料年代年代 结构减重（）结构减重（）材料技术对军用飞材料技术对军用飞机结构减重的贡献机结构减重的贡献率达到率达到70% 70% Mechanics of Composites Department of Me

25、chanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT四十年代的原子弹、四十年代的原子弹、五十年代的北极星导五十年代的北极星导弹，高度

26、机密弹，高度机密Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTJ10J11B四代机四代机我国我国J10J10的复合材料用量占结构重量的的复合材料用量占结构重量的6%6%，正在研发的正在研发的J11

27、BJ11B用量提高到了用量提高到了9%9%，战斗机复，战斗机复合材料用量储备达到了合材料用量储备达到了20%20%以上以上 Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTPEEK-聚醚醚酮聚醚醚酮

28、Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大型民机 第一阶段：受力很小的构件：前缘、口盖、整流第一阶段：受力很小的构件：前缘、口盖、整流罩、扰流板等，该阶段约于罩、扰流板等，该阶段约于

29、70年代中期结束年代中期结束 第二阶段：受力较小的部件：升降舵、方向舵、第二阶段：受力较小的部件：升降舵、方向舵、襟副翼等。襟副翼等。1975年年NASA开始执行开始执行ACEE计划（飞计划（飞机节能计划）：减重、节油、增加商载。该阶段机节能计划）：减重、节油、增加商载。该阶段约于约于80年代初结束年代初结束 第三阶段：受力较大的部件：平尾、垂尾仍在第三阶段：受力较大的部件：平尾、垂尾仍在ACEE计划下执行，该阶段约于计划下执行，该阶段约于85年前后完成年前后完成 第四阶段：在生产型飞机上正式设计应用第四阶段：在生产型飞机上正式设计应用Mechanics of Composites Depar

30、tment of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大型民机Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大型民机Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大型民机Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大

31、型民机Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大型民机Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT 7E7客机将是第一架包括机翼和机身在内大部分客机将是第一架包括机翼和机身在内大部分主体结构由复合材料制成的商用喷气式客机主体结

32、构由复合材料制成的商用喷气式客机 项目专家说，改用复合材料这一飞机设计的重大变革项目专家说，改用复合材料这一飞机设计的重大变革可能会给全球的铝工业带来沉重打击可能会给全球的铝工业带来沉重打击 波音民机集团副总裁迈克波音民机集团副总裁迈克拜尔（拜尔（Mike Bair):“复合材料复合材料为我们提供了多种优势，如耐用性更强、维修率更低，为我们提供了多种优势，如耐用性更强、维修率更低，而且未来具有极大的研发潜力，我们相信，随着人类而且未来具有极大的研发潜力，我们相信，随着人类飞行进入第二个世纪，飞行进入第二个世纪， 这一选择将帮助波音在采用现这一选择将帮助波音在采用现代化的材料技术方面，占据优势地

33、位代化的材料技术方面，占据优势地位”Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大型民机Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大型民机Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大型民机超混杂纤维增强复合材料超混杂纤维增强复合材料Glare是玻璃纤维增

34、强铝合金层板，是玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板，与以前发展的芳纶纤维增强铝与以前发展的芳纶纤维增强铝合金层板合金层板ARALL相比，除成本相比，除成本较低外，还具有极好的双轴向较低外，还具有极好的双轴向承载和适于机身的疲劳性能承载和适于机身的疲劳性能Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT大型民机大型民机Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composit

35、es Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composit

36、es Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMT单壁碳纳米管的弹性模单壁碳纳米管的弹性模量

37、可以达到量可以达到1TPa，强，强度达到度达到200GPa纳米超级结构材料纳米超级结构材料Mechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTDepartment of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engi

38、neering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & Engineering Science, CUMTMechanics of Composites Department of Mechanics & En