非谓语动词用法辨析

1、非谓语动词用法辨析 (一)非谓语动词在句中的成分不定式几乎可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分，动名词起名词的作用。现在分词和过去分词起形容词和副词的作用。 (二)非谓语动词在同一成分中用法的辨析1做主语：-般来说，不定式和动名词成份相同时，表示客观性、一般性行为为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。Looking after children is her job.To clean the classroom is his job today.2做宾语：I like swimming, but I don't like to swim today because I don

2、't feel well.(1)有些动词只能接不定式做宾语，这些动词接上不定式，含有明显的主观性和将来性意义。如：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)，等等。He refused to speak on the radio.He desired to see you(2).有些动词只接动名词做

3、宾语，这些动词接上动名词，含有明显的"依据往事或经验来作出理解和判断"的意思。mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，permit，appreciate，consider，miss，dislike，keep(on)，avoid，permit，imagine，risk，escape，admit，stand(忍受)，allow，forbid，excuse，等等。短语动词：give up，put off，look forward to，feel like，insist on，object to，preventfrom，set about，can't help，

4、be/get used to等短语：be worth doing，be no good doing，be no use doing，be busy doing等The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.She can't stand having nothing to do at home.His wife doesn't allow smoking inside the room and often advised him to give up smoking.All the fami

5、ly insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.It's no good learning without practicing.I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.She doesn't feel like eating anything，being ill for a few days.(3).有些动词后面既可接不定式，又可接动名词，其意义基本相同，区别不大。如；like，love，hate，delay，continue，attempt(企图)，affo

6、rd(提供)，preferomit(省略)，begin，start.The Einsteins, however, could not afford to pay for(or：paying for)the advanced education that young Albert needed.I prefer staying (to stay) at home on Sunday.注意：begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.After his e

7、xplanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.(4).有些词后面既可以接不定式亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：Aremember，forget，regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义：Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere before.Don't forget to writ

8、e to me soon.I never forget visiting (=having visited) them for the first time.I regret missing that good film last week.(后悔干事)I regret not taking (not having taken) your advice.I regret to say I can't take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)Bmean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要；mean doing：意味着，就是I am sorry, I

9、 didn't mean to hurt your feelings，I meant to call on you, but I was so busy.Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in class.Cstop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干，动名词作宾语。After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest.After walking some time, they stopped to h

10、ave a rest.Dtry：try to do，努力，试图干事；try doing：试着干事He searched everywhere and tried to find his key.He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job.The mother is out and the boy had to try cooking for himself.They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again and again.Ewant

11、，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，表示"需要、该"；接不定式，表示"想，要干"The room wants cleaning.The bike requires repairing.These young trees require looking after.The matter needs thinking over.(=to be thought over)A Mr. Wang wants to see you.You don't need to leave so early.Fgo on：go on to do继续干和原来不

12、同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。go on doing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story.After writing his English composition he went on to work out his maths problems.G动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit one's health.Th

13、e doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health.She doesn't allow (permit) smoking in her room.=She doesn't allow (permit)anyone to smoke in her room.Parking is forbidden here.=Any cars not permitted to park here.3做宾补：不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为，以及将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为，亦可表示

14、-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态，及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。When I came in, I saw her dancing happily.I often hear her sing songs in English in her room.They had the lights burning all night long.I saw Li Ping pass by and enter the next room just now.The mother will have the doctor examine h

15、er son again.Tomorrow I'll have my hair cut.When I got home I found the window broken and the thief gone away already.When they returned to their hometown, after an absence of twenty years, they found everything changed.4做表语：不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回答what的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，分词做表语表明主语

16、的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，可以回答how的问题。Her job is cleaning offices.(What is her job?) (Cleaning offices is her job.)Our job today is to clean the office.(=To clean the office is our job today.)The news is very exciting.(How is the news?)They are very tired after a long walk.The door is locked now.The children

17、 are well dressed these days.5做定语：不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义，现在分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义；过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。此外，不定式做定语时只能后置，不可前置，而单个分词做定语可前置，分词短语做定语则须后置。动名词做定语，须前置，且要重读，它表明先行词的用途。而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。a swimming boy=a boy who is swimminga swimming pool=a pool for swimmingthe boiling water=the water th

18、at is boilingdrinking water=water for drinkingToday I have a letter to write.Please find a man to help us.It is a good chance to practise your spoken English.I like reading books written by Lu Xun.The woman standing over there is our English teacher.The house to be built (=which will be built/which

19、is to be built) next year will be our new library.The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.6做状语：不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语，且多放在句末；分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。单独的动名词不能做状语，在介词后形成介词短

20、语，从而做状语。(1)目的状语：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。不定式前还可加上in order，so as来加强说话的口气。但so as to通常不用于句首。The Smiths have gone to London to spend their holidays.I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.In order to(不用so as to) see better, we took front seats.(2)时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表示的动作和谓语动词的

21、动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成体形式。过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his sister there.Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine.Having (=When we have) made full preparations, we are ready for

22、an examination.Having (=When he had) finished his homework, he went to bed.After finishing his homework, he went to bed.Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.Locked (=When he was looked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.When asked to

23、 make a speech, he said he was glad to do so.Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.(3)原因状语：不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后,这些形容词通常是happy, sorry, fortunate, angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened, shocked等。分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。一般位于句首。I am sorry to hear that you are not well.I'm very sorr

24、y to have kept you waiting so long.We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.Being (=Since he was) ill all last year, he lived in a sanatorium.There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the dictionary that he wanted.Having (=Since they had) been asked to stay, they couldn't po

25、ssibly leave right away.Moved (=As he was moved) by the heroic deeds of the PLA man, he burst into tears.(4)条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句。一般位于句首。Turning (=If you turn) to the left，you will see the post office.United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are divided), we fall.Given (=If he had bee

26、n given) more time, he would be able to do better.(5)结果状语从句：不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+as to，such+名词+as to，tooto，enough to和only to等结构。现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。He arrived late to find the train gone.I worked late into the night, only to find I had not finished half of the job.He was so friendly as to be always

27、helpful to his neighbours.His is such a sad story as to arouse out sympathy。I ran faster than ever, reaching the schoolyard quite out of breath.The man died young, leaving nothing but debt.(6)让步状语：通常有过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。Though wounded, the soldier managed to get to the village safely.Though

28、 warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.(7)伴随或方式状语：分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾，表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。Chinese businessmen, taxi drivers and students talk with them using English.She came running towards us.They walked along the streets, talking and laughing.He went into the house, followed by som

29、e children.He continued to walk up and down, lost in thought.下面是历年高考题：做做看！(78)1. I've heard him_ about you often.A. spoke B. speaks C. speak(79)2. I'm hungry. Get me something_.A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. for eating(79)3. There isn't any difference between the two. I really don't k

30、now_A. where to choose B. which to chooseC. to choose what D. to choose which(79)4, The teacher told them_ make so much noise.A. don't B. not C. will not D. not to(79)5. I saw him_ out of the room.A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes(79)6. I'm going to have my radioA. fixed B. to fix C. fix

31、 D. fixing(80)7. The workers want us_ together with them.A. work B. working C. to work D. worked(80)8. The officers narrowly escaped_ in the hot battle.A. have killed B. to kill C. to be killed D. being killed(80)9. _ the letter, he went out to post it,A. Writing B. Being written C. Having written D

32、. Written(80)10. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air_ against your face.A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move(81)11. Don't you remember_?A. seeing the man before B. to see the man beforeC. saw the man before D. to have seen the man before注；第11题AD答案均为正确(83) 12. Peop

33、le couldn't help_ the foolish emperor in the procession.A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing on(83) 13. What's the language in Germany?A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak(83)14. We're looking forward_ the photo exhibition.A. to visiting B. to visit C. to havin

34、g visited D. visiting(83) 15. Our headmaster often told us _ things for granted.A. not to have B. not to take C. didn't take D. not to make(83)16. The girl_ under that tree is my sister.A. sitting B. sits C. is sitting D. sat(84)17. _ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A. Followed B. Fo

35、llowed byC. Being followed D. Having been followed by(84)18. Do you remember_ me at a party last year?A. meet B. to meet C. meeting D. met(85)19. This sentence needs_A. an improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved(85)20. "What are you going to do this morning?""I'm thinking

36、of_ to visit my aunt."A. go B. going C. having gone D. my going(85)21. _ anything about the accident ,he went to work as usual.A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing(85)22. "Have you decided when_?""Yes, tomorrow morning."A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will

37、 you leave D. are you leaving(85)23. I really enjoy_ that kind of job.A. do B. doing C. to do D. to be doing(85)24. "There's a hole in your bag.""l know. I am going to have it_."A. mend B. mending C. mended D. to be mended(86)25. The next morning she found the man in bed, _ d

38、ead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying(86)26. Tell him_ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut(86)27. Only one of these books isA. worth to read B. worth being readC. wroth of reading D. worth reading(86)28. He had his leg_ in the match yesterday.A. to break B. broken C. b

39、reak D. breaking(86)29. I can't imagine_ that with them.A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing(87) 30. Most of the people_ to the party were famous scientists.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting(87)31. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _.A. catching B. to be caught C. be

40、ing caught D. to catch(87)32. Though he had often made his little sister_, today he was made_ by his little sister.A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry(87)33. They would not allow him_ across the enemy line.A. to risk going B. risking to goC. for risk to go D. risk going(88)34

41、. She didn't remember_ him before.A. having met B. have met C. to meet D. to having met(88)35. They knew her very well. They had seen her_ up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow(89)36. Do you know the boy_ under the big tree?A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying(89)37. Go on_ th

42、e other exercise after you have finished this one.A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing(89)38.There was terrible noise_ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed(89)39. "What do you think of the book?""Oh, excellent. It's worth_ a se

43、cond time."A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read(89)40. She pretended_ me when I passed by.A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen(89)41. "Good morning. Can I help you?""I'd like to have this package_, madam."A. be weighed B. to be weighe

44、d C. to weigh D. weighed(89)42. _ your coat at once. We must hurry.A. Wear B. Wearing C. Put on D. Putting on(90)43. Most of the artists_ to the party were from South Africa.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited(90)44. _ more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. Giv

45、en B. To give C. Giving D. Having given(90)45. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest(90)46. Last summer I took a course onA. how to make dresses B. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dresses D. how dresses

46、 to be made(91)47. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_ behind his back.A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied(91)48. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president.A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing(91)49. I can hardly imagine Pe

47、ter_ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed(91)50. -The light in the office is still on.-Oh, I forgot_A. turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off(91)51. John was made_ the truck for a week as a punishment.A. to wash B. was

48、hing C. wash D. to be washing(92)52. Little Jim should love to_ the theatre this evening.A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking(92)53. -I usually go there by train.-Why not_ by boat for a change.A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going(92)54. I would appreciate_ back

49、 this afternoon.A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you're calling(92)55. There're so many kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind_ to buy.A. what B. which C. how D. where(92)56._ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receiving B. Receiving notC. Not h

50、aving received D. Having not received(93)57, "Can't you read?" Mary said_ to the notice,A.angrily pointing B. and point angrilyC.angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing(93)58.How about the two of us_ a walk down the garden?A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking(93)59. The compute

51、r centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened(93) 60. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to invent B. inventingC. to have invented D. having invented(94)61. -I must apologize for_ ahead of time.-Tha

52、t's all right.A. letting you not know B. not letting you knowC. letting you know not D. letting not you know(94)62, The missing boys were last seen_ near the river.A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play(94)63.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had

53、enjoyed his stay here.A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added(94)64. The first textbooks_ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written(95)65.-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting:-Well, now I regret_ that