浅谈中国测井技术的发展方向

1、浅谈中国测井技术的发展方向随着石油勘探开发的需要，测井技术发展已愈来愈迅速，高分辨阵列感应、三分量感应和正交偶极声波等新型成像测井仪为研究地层各向异性提供了强有力的手段;新的过套管井测井仪器，如电阻率、新型脉冲中子类测井仪、电缆地层测试及永久监测等现代测井技术可以在套管井中确定地层参数，精细描述油藏动态变化；随钻测井系列也不断增加。通过介绍国外如斯伦贝谢、哈里伯顿、阿特拉斯、康普乐、俄罗斯等测井新技术的测量原理和部分仪器结构，寻求我国测井技术的差距和不足，这对于我国当前的科研和生产具有指导和借鉴作用。1测井新技术油田勘探与开发过程中，测井是确定和评价油、气层的重要手段，也是解决一系列地质问题的

2、重要手段。国外测井技术领先者是斯伦贝谢、贝克阿特拉斯、哈里伯顿公司三大测井公司。1.1电阻率测井技术1.1.1高分辨率阵列感应测井哈里伯顿的HRAI-X由1个发射器和6个子阵列接收器组成，每个子阵列有1对接收器(主接收器和补偿接收器)。线圈间距选择上确保子阵列接收器的固有探测深度接近设计的径向探测深度，所有子阵列接收器均位于一侧，具有5个径向探测深度和3个工作频率。除了感应测量外，还采集自然电位、泥浆电阻率和探头温度。1.1.2电阻率成像测井把由岩性、物性变化以及裂缝、孔洞、层理等引起的电阻率的变化转化为伪色度，直观看到地层的岩性及几何界面的变化，识别岩性、孔洞、裂缝等。电阻率成像有FMI、A

3、IT及ARI等。斯伦贝谢的FMI有四个臂，每个臂上有一个主极板和一个折页极板，主极板与折页极板阵列电极间的垂直距离为5.7in，8个极板上共有192个传感器，都是由直径为0.16in的金属纽扣外加0.24in的绝缘环组成，有利于信号聚焦，使得钮扣电极的分辨率达0.2in，测量时极板被推靠在井壁岩石上，小电极主要反映井壁附近地层的微电阻率。斯伦贝谢或阿特拉斯的AIT是基于DOLL几何因子的电磁感应原理，通过对单一发射线圈供三种不同频率交流使其在周围的介质中产生电磁场，用共用一个发射线圈的8对接收线圈检测感应电流，从而可以求出介质的电导率。ARI是斯伦贝谢基于侧向测井技术推出的，可以有效的进行薄层

4、、裂缝、储层饱和度等地层评价。1.1.3三分量感应测井三分量感应用于电性各向异性地层测井，Bak-erAtlas的三维探路者3DEX，用三对相互正交的发射-接收线圈对，采集5个磁场分量Hxx、Hyy、Hzz、Hxy、Hxz。这些信息可导出地层的水平电阻率(Rh)和垂直电阻率(Rv)，从而可描述地层电阻率各向异性。斯伦贝谢的多分量感应测井仪有一个三轴发射器和两个三轴接收器，每个线圈系都含有一个常规的z轴线圈和两个横向线圈，形成正交线圈系。1.2声波测井技术声波测量能揭示许多储层与井眼特性，可以用来推导原始和次生孔隙度、渗透率、岩性、孔隙压力、各向异性、流体类型、应力与裂缝的方位等。声成像测井是换

5、能器发射超声窄脉冲，扫描井壁并接收回波信号，采用计算图像处理技术，将换能器接受的信号数字化、预处理及图像处理转换成像。斯伦贝谢的SonicScanner将长源距与井眼补偿短源距相结合，在6英尺的接收器阵列上有13个轴向接收点，每个接收点有个以45°间隔绕仪器放置的8个接收器，仪器总计有104个传感器，在接收器阵列的两端各有一个单极发射器，另一个单极发射器和两个正交定向偶极发射器位于仪器下部较远处，可接收在径向、周向和轴向上纵波和横波慢度。1.3核磁测井技术核磁共振是磁场中的原子核对电磁波的一种响应，处于热平衡的自旋系统，在外磁场的作用下磁化矢量偏离静磁场方向，外磁场作用完后，

6、磁化矢量试图从非平衡状态恢复到平衡状态，恢复到平衡态的过程叫做驰豫。核磁共振NMR信号的驰豫时间与氢核所处的周围环境密切相关，水的纵向恢复时间比烃快得多。根据核磁共振特性间的差异指示含氢密度的高低来识别油层。共振测井仪主要有哈里伯顿和阿特拉斯采用NUMAR专利技术推出的MRIL、斯伦贝谢的CMR及俄罗斯的大地磁场型MK923。1.4电缆地层测试技术斯伦贝谢的RFT及MDT在油气钻探过程中对地层压力及流体进行测试，RFT每次下井只获取2个样品，但不知道是什么样的样品。只是取样前，仪器中设有预测试功能，取样能力很有限。MDT具有流体动态实时监测功能、地层压力测量、地层流体性质分析、地层流体取样及地

7、层渗透率估算等，通过流体压力剖面的预测，可以在勘探初期确定气、油、水界面，研究油藏类型及其油藏性质，结合其他测井资料进行储层产能预测。1.5随钻测井技术随钻测井仪帮助作业者进行重要的钻井决策以及用于确定井眼周围的应力状态，提供地质导向，在完井和增产作业中用于地层评价。随钻测井数据传输有泥浆脉冲遥测、电磁传输速率、钻杆传输及光纤遥测技术，泥浆脉冲遥测是普遍使用的一种数据传输方式为416bit/s;电磁传输与泥浆脉冲传输速率相当是双向传输的，不需要泥浆循环，有精确钻井康谱乐公司的EMMWD系统、斯伦贝谢的E脉冲电磁传输系统，通过钻杆来传输声波或地震信号达到100bit/s，不需要泥浆循环;光纤遥测

8、技术传输速率1Mbit/s。1.6过套管测井技术现代测井技术的发展可以在套管井中确定地层参数，在油藏动态描述中，国外近几年主要采用脉冲中子仪、过套管地层测试器、过套管地层电阻率及永久监测技术。过套管电阻率测井、偶极横波成像测井、过套管地层测试器和脉冲中子可以提供下套管后的地层孔隙度、体积密度、岩性、含水饱和度、声波特性、渗透率估算值、地层压力和地层流体采样。其更有效地评价无裸眼井测井资料或裸眼井测井资料有限的井、对老井重新评价寻找遗漏的或新增的油气层、监测流体界面与饱和度及压力变化及优化完井设计和射孔作业、漏失油气层的评价、流体界面的移动、饱和度与压力的变化和衰竭及注入剖面等。斯伦贝谢的过套管

9、油藏评价仪有C/O、RST、DSI及CHDT。1.7井下永久传感器永久井下监测可以为生产决策实时提供有价值的信息，无须井下作业，还可用于井间成像，有井间电阻率成像及井间地震成像两类，可以监测地下流体(油气、蒸汽、水)的分布，井下永久传感器测得的资料来控制井下的一些阀，以封闭出水层位，调整各层的产出量或是注水量，达到智能化。光纤传感器可以在高温下工作，可以不用井下电子线路，不受干扰，其信息可以通过光纤快速传送到地面等，美国CIDRA公司在光纤压力监测研究方面处于前沿，光纤温度传感器准确度1，分辨率0.1。永久井下光纤3分量地震测量具有高灵敏度和方向性，能产生高精度空间图象，不仅能提供近井眼图象，

10、而且能提供井眼周围地层图象，能经受恶劣的环境条件(温度175，压力100MPa)，分布式光纤温度传感器(DTS)可以很高精度和分辨率获得井眼中温度分布，用于生产和注入剖面监测，为生产决策提供有价值的数据。2认识国外裸眼井测井、随钻测井、油藏评价、在水平井、斜井、高产液井产出剖面测井技术方面发展迅速，仪器的耐温、耐压指标较高，可靠性高，技术的系列化、组合化、标准化和配套化水平较高。流体成像测井和传感器阵列设计是产出剖面测井新技术发展的主要趋势，永久监测技术是油田动态监测技术的非常重要的发展方向。在“十一五”863计划“先进测井技术与设备”重点项目实施方案论证会上专家组一致认为“先进测井技术与设备

11、”重点项目应瞄准世界测井技术发展方向,研发的先进测井技术与装备为解决我国复杂岩性、复杂储集空间的油气藏地质评价难题和油田中后期剩余油分析和油藏动态监测、油井技术状况监测提供先进有效的测量手段,满足我国石油天然气生产的需要和参与国际竞争的需求。2.1测井技术的发展趋势井下集成化、系列化、组合测井仪器的研发成为测井技术发展的一大趋势，日本的Tohoku大学开发了利用井眼雷达的直接耦合进行电磁波测井，新仪器可以获得雷达图像、电导率和相对介电常数。仪器分辨率为1m，理想情况下探测深度为10m。Proneta开发了可以透过原油对目标进行高分辨率光成像的成像技术，已经申请并获得了专利。目前电缆测井占主要地

12、位，随钻测井发展比较迅速，由于数据传输等技术不足在相当一段时间内还是以电缆测井为主，套管钻井测井是未来测井发展的方向，套管钻井测井是在套管钻井技术诞生后出现的新的测井模式，用套管作为钻杆，井眼钻成功时，一口井的钻井和下套管同时完成。套管钻井测井有钻后测井模式或随钻测井模式，钻后测井模式是在完成套管钻井作业后，用电缆将测井仪器在套管内下到要测量的目的层段，进行测井。随钻测井模式是测井仪器安装在与最下面一根套管连接的底部钻具组合内，在套管钻井进行的过程中，在需要测井的层段一边钻井，一边测井。2.2我国测井技术的不足: 油藏评价测井技术起步较晚，技术落后，没有开发出与国外技术水平相当的井下仪器、国产

13、开发的小直径脉冲中子仪功能单一，碳氧比等测井精度偏低，中子发生器没有自主的知识产权。高分辨阵列感应电阻率、微扫等声电成像仪等研究水平低，仪器精度、分辨率、耐温等与先进仪器相差较大。三维感应电阻率、交叉偶极声波、核磁共振测井仪、电缆地层测试器等研究刚开始。井壁取心技术成功率和效率较低。随钻测井仪器及传输方式研究远远落后，从事基础研究较少，仪器仿造能力低下。高含水情况下，没有很好的持率测量方法，氧活化、流动成像仪器没有。永久传感器应用以引进为主，自研发能力认识不足。国内光纤技术研究滞后，国内开发的光纤传感器尚未应用。国内光学电视成像测井仪功能不佳，应用条件苛刻。国内的过套管井地层电阻率、套管井地层

14、测试器、过套管密度仪及水流仪研究空白。新型的生产测井仪传感器、编码及传输方式的仿造水平较低。套管井损毁测井成像仪落后国外，仿造能力不足。水泥胶结评价测井还是以CBL/VDL及国外引进为主，自主研发落后于国外先进理念。大斜度、水平井测井方法、仪器及解释模型研究力量较弱。3结论70%的原油产量来源于老油田，老油田的剩余油评价等测井技术成为挖潜增效的主要手段，新的测井评价仪器功能和性能不断进步促进了老油田的堵水增油开采方案的调整和二次开发。新油田的勘探难度越来越大，油田工作者正在从更复杂的条件下寻找石油，测井面临的环境更加苛刻。随钻测井发展迅速，水平井大斜度井的数量会继续增加，目前国际测井市场上，套

15、管井测井占总测井将近一半。井下仪器的集成化、阵列化、功能多样化及组合化是发展的需要，一只组合了多个传感器的仪器能确定多种岩石物理性质，可使储量估算更准确、油藏监测得以优化、作业方式得到改进。一段时间内，裸眼测井、套管测井、随钻测井及井下永久传感器监测技术将共存，但随着技术的进步随钻测井将逐步取代电缆式裸眼测井，永久传感器监测取代套管井测井。参考文献：1张向林，陶果，刘新茹.油气地球物理勘探技术进展.地球物理学进展J.2006.2邓瑞，郭海敏，戴家才.国外生产测井技术新进展J.科技经济市场.2006.3.4http:/www.BakerH.5.6.7 J ezLofts,et a.l A New

16、Microresistivity ImagingDevice for use in Non-Conductive and Oil-BasedMudsJ . Pet rophysics.2002.8 Philip Cheung,et a.l.Microresistivity ToolOperation In OBMJ. TheAmerican Oil& GasReporter.2001.Discussion on the development direction of Chinese well logging technologyWith the needs of petroleum

17、exploration and development, the development of well logging technology has become more and more quickly, the high resolution array induction, three component induction and cross dipole acoustic model imaging logging tool for the study of stratigraphic anisotropy provides powerful means; new cased h

18、ole logging instruments, such as electrical resistivity, new pulse neutron class logging and wireline formation testing and permanent monitoring of modern well logging technology in cased hole formation parameter determination, dynamic changes of reservoir fine description; with the drilling and log

19、ging series is also increasing. Through introducing foreign such as Schlumberger, Halliburton, Atlas, Kang Pule, Russia's new logging technology and measuring principle of instrument node The gap and the shortage of the logging technology in our country is a guide and reference for China's c

20、urrent research and production.1 new logging technologyIn the process of oil exploration and development, logging is to identify and evaluate oil and gas reservoir is an important means, but also to solve a series of geological problems is the important means of. Foreign logging technology leader is

21、 Schlumberger, Baker - Atlas, Halliburton three large logging companies.1.1 resistivity logging technology1.1.1 high resolution array induction logging Halliburton HRAI-X consists of a transmitter and six sub array receiver, each sub array is 1 of the receiver (primary receiver and compensate the re

22、ceiver). Coil spacing selection to ensure that sub array receiver inherent probing depth close to the design of the radial depth of investigation, all the sub array receivers are located on one side, with 5 radial investigation depth and three different operating frequencies. In addition to the meas

23、urement of induction, but also collects the natural potential, mud resistivity and temperature probe.1.1.2 resistivity imaging logging to resistivity caused by the lithology, physical property changes and cracks, holes, bedding change into pseudo color and visually see the stratigraphic lithology an

24、d geometric interface changes, lithology identification, holes, cracks, etc. Resistivity imaging of FMI, AIT and ARI. Schlumberger FMI has four arms, each arm has a main plate and a folding plate, the vertical distance between the main plate and the hinge plate electrode array for 5.7 in, eight plat

25、e total 192 sensor, with diameter of 0.16in metal buttons plus 0.24in insulating ring composition. Is conducive to the focus signal, the button electrode of the resolution of 0.2in, measuring plate is pushed on in wall rock, the small electrode mainly reflects the near wellbore formation micro resis

26、tivity. Schlumberger or atlas of AIT is based on geometric factors of the doll electromagnetic induction principle, through to send a single coil for three different AC frequency to generate electromagnetic fields in the surrounding medium, with share a transmitter coil of 8 receiving coil to detect

27、 the induced current, which can be used to calculate the Schlumberger based on lateral logging technology introduced, in order to effectively thin is the conductivity of the medium.ARI, fracture, reservoir saturation to Layer evaluation.1.1.3 three component induction logging three component inducti

28、on for electrically anisotropic formation logging, Bak-erAtlas 3D Pathfinder 3DEX, of three mutually orthogonal transmitter receiver coil, collection 5 magnetic component Hxx, Hyy, Hzz, Hxy, Hxz. these information can be derived strata horizontal electric resistance rate (RH) and vertical resistivit

29、y (RV), which can be used to describe the resistivity anisotropy. Schlumberger multi-component induction logging tool has a triaxial transmitter and two triaxial receivers, each coil system contain a conventional Z axis coil and two transverse coils to form positive .1.2 acoustic acoustic well loggi

30、ng technology measurement can reveal many reservoir and wellbore characteristics, can be used in the original derivation and secondary porosity, permeability, lithology, pore pressure, anisotropy, fluid type should be force and fracture orientation. Acoustic imaging logging is narrow pulse ultrasoni

31、c transducer launch, scanning sidewall and the echo signals are received and calculated by using image processing technology, the transducer signal digitization, image preprocessing and processing conversion imaging. Schlumberger SonicScanner will long spacing and borehole compensated short source d

32、istance combination, in six feet of the receiver array has 13 axial receiving point, each receiving point a A total of 8 receivers, with 45 degrees of two, have a total of 104 sensors, each of which has a single pole at each end of the receiver array, and the other one is located in the lower part o

33、f the instrument, and can be received in the radial, circumferential and axial longitudinal and transverse waves.1.3 NMR nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology is atomic magnetic field check electromagnetic wave of a response, spin system in thermal equilibrium, in under the action of external

34、magnetic field magnetization vector from static magnetic field direction, external magnetic field after, the magnetization vector to from the non-equilibrium state return to the equilibrium state, return to the equilibrium state of the process is called relaxation. NMR signals of Chi relaxation time

35、 and hydrogen nuclei in the surrounding environment is closely related to, water vertical recovery time than hydrocarbon much faster. According to the differences between nuclear magnetic resonance of instructions containing hydrogen density level to identify reservoir. Resonance logging instrument

36、mainly Halliburton and Atlas uses NUMAR patent The launch of the MRIL technology, Schlumberger's CMR and Russia earth magnetic field MK923.1.4 cable formation testing technology of Schlumberger RFT and MDT in oil and gas drilling process of formation pressure and fluid test, RFT, each well get o

37、nly two samples, but do not know is what kind of samples. Just before sampling, the instrument is provided with a pre test function, sampling capacity very fluid dynamic real-time monitoring function limit.MDT, measure formation pressure analysis, formation fluid property, formation fluid sampling a

38、nd formation permeability estimation. Through the fluid pressure profile prediction, can be in the initial stage of exploration to determine the gas, oil, water interface, reservoir types and reservoir properties, combined with other log data storage layer capacity .1.5 LWD logging logging while dri

39、lling to help operators are important drilling decisions as well as for determine the state of stress in surrounding the wellbore, geosteering, in completion and stimulation operations for formation evaluation. While drilling logging data transmission of mud pulse telemetry and electromagnetic trans

40、mission rate, drill pipe transmission and optical fiber sensing and the mud pulse telemetry is commonly used a kind of data transmission 416bit/s; electromagnetic transmission and mud pulse transmission rate quite is a two-way transmission, there is no circulation in drilling, precise drilling Kang

41、spectrum music company EMMWD, Schlumberger e electromagnetic pulse transmission system by drilling Rod to transmit acoustic or seismic signal to reach 100bit/s, do not need mud cycle; fiber optic telemetry technology transfer rate 1Mbit/s.Development of 1.6 through casing resistivity logging technol

42、ogy of modern well logging technology in cased hole formation parameter determination, in dynamic reservoir description, abroad in recent years mainly by pulsed neutron instrument, cased hole formation tester, through casing resistivity and permanent monitoring technology. Through casing resistivity

43、 logging, dipole shear imaging logging, a casing formation tester and pulsed neutron can provide casing after the formation porosity, bulk density, lithology, water saturation, the acoustic characteristics of the permeability estimates, formation pressure and formation fluid sampling. The more effec

44、tive evaluation without openhole logging data or bare hole well logging data, the limited well, of old wells to re evaluate the Price for missed or new oil and gas, monitoring fluid interface and saturation and pressure changes and completion optimization design and perforating, the leakage loss of

45、oil and gas reservoir evaluation, the movement of the fluid interface, saturation and pressure changes and failure and injection profile. Schlumberger a tube of reservoir evaluation instrument C / O, RST, DSi and CHDT.Two downhole permanent sensor can provide valuable information for real-time monit

46、oring, and can be used to detect underground fluid (oil, steam, water). It can be used to control underground fluid (oil, steam, water). It can be used to control the valve. It can be used to control the valve. It can adjust the output quantity or water injection. The optical fiber temperature senso

47、r has high sensitivity and direction, and can produce high precision spatial image, which can provide near borehole images, and can provide a high accuracy and resolution of the DTS (100MPa), and can provide valuable data for the production and injection profile monitoring.2 understandingForeign ope

48、nhole logging and logging while drilling, reservoir evaluation, in horizontal wells, inclined shaft, high liquid well production profile logging technology rapid development, instrument temperature, higher pressure index, high reliability, series, combination, standard and supporting high level. Flu

49、id imaging logging and array sensor design is the main trend of production profile logging NEW technology development and permanent monitoring technology is a very important development direction of the dynamic monitoring techniques in the oilfield. In the "Eleventh Five Year" Plan 863 &qu

50、ot;advanced logging technology and equipment" key projects implementation scheme will be demonstrated on the group of experts agreed that "advanced logging technology and equipment" key projects The advanced logging technology and equipment should be aimed at solving the problems of c

51、omplex lithology, complex reservoir space and oil gas analysis and reservoir dynamic monitoring in the oil field, and provide an advanced and effective method to meet the needs of oil and natural gas production in our country and to participate in international competition.2.1 the development trend

52、of logging technology is integrated, and the development of combination logging tool has become a major trend of development of logging technology. The new instrument can obtain radar image, electric conductivity and relative permittivity. The instrument resolution is 1m, and the ideal detection dep

53、th is 10m.Proneta. It has been applied and obtained the patent. For a long time, it is a new logging tool, which can be used to drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, dril

54、l hole, drill pipe, drill hole. In the process, the need to log the layer section while drilling, while logging.2.2 China's logging technology: in reservoir evaluation logging technology started late, backward technology, did not develop a downhole instrument and the level of foreign technology,

55、 domestic development of small diameter pulsed neutron instrument of single function, low carbon oxygen ratio logging accuracy, neutron generator has no independent intellectual property rights. The high resolution array induction resistivity and micro scan acoustic and electric imaging instrument r

56、esearch level low, precision instrument, resolution, heat resistance and advanced instruments difference larger. The three-dimensional induction resistivity, cross dipole acoustic logging, nuclear magnetic resonance logging instrument, cable formation tester research started. Technical success rate

57、and efficiency of the sidewall coring is low. The LWD logging instrument and transmission modes of far behind, engaged in basic research less, instrument imitation ability is low. Under the condition of high water content, no good to rate measurement method, activated oxygen, no flow imaging instrum

58、ent., permanent sensor application give priority to introducing self-study ability insufficient understanding. (domestic optical fiber technology research lag, domestic development of optical fiber sensors have not yet applied. Poor domestic TV imaging logging instrument of optical function, application under harsh conditions. BBP and domestic of cased hole formation resistivity, cased hole formation tester, casing density meter and flow meter research gaps. CRFs model of production logging sensor, cod