汽轮机设备及运行(第一二章)

1、The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering汽轮机设备及运行汽轮机设备及运行华北电力大学动力系 The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一节第一节 汽轮机级的工作原理汽轮机级的工作原理 汽轮机的级-由一列喷嘴 叶栅和其后紧邻的一列动叶栅 构成的工作单元。通流部分-汽轮机本体做功汽流通道称为汽轮机的通流部分，它包括主汽门，导管，调节汽门，进汽室，各级喷嘴和动叶及汽轮机的排汽管。The Departme

2、nt Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一节第一节 汽轮机级的工作原理汽轮机级的工作原理汽流流动演示汽流流动演示The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一节第一节 汽轮机级的工作原理汽轮机级的工作原理2222( (), )c wp t蒸汽热力学能喷嘴(nozzle)降压增速汽流的动能动叶(blade)转子的旋转机械能级的工作过程级的工作过程000(, )cp t 喷嘴1111( (), )c wp t 动叶汽流改变方

3、向(冲动原理)汽流降压增速(反动原理)The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering蒸汽膨胀增速的条件有合理的汽流通道结构蒸汽需具有一定的可用热能且有压差存在第一节第一节 汽轮机级的工作原理汽轮机级的工作原理动、静叶栅几何参数平均直径dm，叶片高度l (图中未反映）叶栅节距t叶栅通道进口宽度a出口宽度a1和a2叶型弦长b出口边厚度叶栅宽度B出口汽流角The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一节第一节

4、汽轮机级的工作原理汽轮机级的工作原理The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering第一节第一节 汽轮机级的工作原理汽轮机级的工作原理The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Departme

5、nt Of power engineering（a a）先扩压后转向）先扩压后转向 （b b）先转向后扩压）先转向后扩压The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engine

6、eringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department

7、Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering

8、The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringshB1P=1.62MPaP=2.45M

9、PaP=3.43MPat=320t=295t=262P02=8.58MPaP01=12.8MPaP0=17.2MPat0=540B2A1A2D2A3D3D1C2B3C3The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe De

10、partment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power en

11、gineeringThe Department Of power engineering喷咀室进口端 压力密封环 The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeri

12、ngThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of

13、power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe

14、 Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power

15、 engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering4个2The Department Of power engineeringThe D

16、epartment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power e

17、ngineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Depart

18、ment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering主轴上带有凸缘的圆盘称为对轮对轮与主轴热套加健固定对轮与主轴整体结构The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering缺点：对中要求严格，不能吸收振动。刚性联轴器优点：结构简单、连接刚性强、传递功率大，轴向尺寸短、工作可靠、不需要润滑、没有噪声，可传递轴向力和径向力，多段转子可只用一个联轴器，可在刚性联轴器处省去一个支持轴承。 应用：大功率汽轮机各转子的连接普遍采用刚性联轴器 The D

19、epartment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering对轮与主轴整体结构对轮与对轮间止口配合带凹形止口的垫片，起定中心的作用，安装时调整两转子之间的距离误差和对轮端面的加工误差 两对轮端面上的凸形止口。 螺栓承受剪力传递扭矩对轮端面靠摩擦力传递部分扭矩对轮端面要求平滑没有缺陷，对端面瓢偏度，安装后张口值、圆面偏差有严格要求 挡气流的防风盖减少转子 鼓风损失止动垫圈 各个螺栓、螺帽和垫片都要相同或对称安装时严禁两段转子用螺栓拉到一起The Department Of power engineeringThe Depart

20、ment Of power engineering对轮垫片与对轮端面间止口配合，起定中心和调整间隙的作用The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering剪力环剪力环与对轮间0.125mm径向间隙 剪力环与螺栓间0.2mm径向间隙 螺栓与螺孔之间间隙 装配时螺栓热紧，正常工作时靠螺栓紧力在两对轮端面产生的接触摩擦力来传递。The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering可以传递较大的扭矩，且可传递不大的轴向推力，波

21、形套筒可吸收部分振动 ，多用于汽轮机转子与发电机转子间的连接 The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering优点：允许两转子相对轴向位移和较大的偏心，对振动的传递不敏感 挠性联轴器 缺点：传递功率较小，不能传递轴向推力，结构较

22、复杂，需专门的润滑装置 应用：中、小容量机组或机组主轴与主油泵的连接 ，本机组的小汽轮机与给水泵之间的联轴器为齿轮式联轴器 The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering盘车装置盘车装置盘车装置是带动机组轴系缓慢转动的机械装置作用机组冲转前盘车，使转子连续转动，避免因阀门漏汽和汽封送汽等因素造成的温差使转子弯曲。同时检查转子是否已出现弯曲和动静部分是否有磨擦现象机组的停机后盘车，使转子连续转动，避免因汽缸自然冷却造成的上下缸温差使转子弯曲机组必须在盘车状态下才能冲转，否则转子在静止状态下因静磨擦力太大

23、而无法启动较长时间的连续盘车，可以消除转子因机组长期停运和存放或其它原因引起的非永久性弯曲可以驱动转子作现场简易加工The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering。高速盘车优点：1）高速盘车的鼓风作用，可使机内各部分金属温差减少；2）高速盘车可使轴瓦形成油膜，减少轴瓦干摩擦。缺点：1）从理论上讲，高速盘车利用转子与轴瓦的相对运动，可形成稳定的油膜，盘车稳定后可停止顶轴油系统，但实际上往往始终投入，因此高速盘车的优点不能充分体现。2）盘车电动机功率过大，装置结构复杂，并且必须装配高压油顶轴装置，且容易发

24、生故障。盘车转速通常有35rpm的低速盘车和4070rpm的高速盘车两种The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering对盘车装置的要求是：既能盘动转子，又能在汽轮机冲动转子达到 一定转速后自动脱开，停止转动，除能自动投入和脱开，盘车装置还可就地手动操作机组正常运行情况下，盘车装置控制开关自动运行的位置。停机时：转子转速降低到大约600rpm时，自动顺序电路接通，盘车装置供润滑油。转子转速到零，零转速指示器发出信号，盘车装置将自动投入。启动时：汽轮机转速超过盘车转速时，盘车自动脱开， 转速600rpm，

25、停止供油。The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering叶片工作条件 静应力动应力高温、腐蚀和冲蚀作用 叶片的分类 按用途静叶片 动叶片 按叶片型线沿叶高的变化规律 等截面直叶片变截面扭叶片The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering叶片的结构连接叶片与轮缘叶型部分的横截面形状称为叶型，周线称为型线 将叶片连接在一起，增加叶片刚度，降低弯应力，调整叶片频率。围带构成封闭的汽流通道，围带可装径向和轴向汽封 T

26、he Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering叶根 紧固动叶 优点：结构简单，加工装配方便，工作可靠 缺点：叶根承载面积小轮缘有张开的趋势 轮缘多一对凸肩，增加承载面积，阻止轮缘张开 优点：承载面积大，可用于较长叶片缺点：加工精度要求高纵树型叶根承载能力高优点：强度高，适应性好，叶根和轮缘加工方便，检修是可拆卸单个叶片 缺点：装配工作量大，且轮缘较厚，钻铆钉孔不便。整锻转子和焊接转子一般不用 叶根和轮缘的载荷分配比T型叶根合理外形复杂，装配面多，齿端易出现较大的应力集中，多用于大机组的调节级和较长叶片底

27、部用楔形垫片将叶片向外胀紧在轮缘上 两根斜劈的半圆销对插入圆槽内将整圈叶根周向胀紧 The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering冲动级和反动级叶型不同等截面直叶片变截面扭叶片 堆焊硬质合金湿蒸汽区叶片上部进汽边背面强化处理措施：镀硬铬、堆焊硬质合金或电火化局部淬硬叶型The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering一级叶片可以采用成组叶片整圈连接叶片自由叶片（只用于末几级）The Department Of

28、power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering分组连接拉筋Z型拉筋空心拉筋和拱形围带The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering上汽引进型300MW汽轮机的叶片结构调节级叶片 等截面直叶片不调频叶片纵树型叶根整体围带双层铆接围带结构The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringTh

29、e Department Of power engineering高压压力级叶片静叶可控涡流流型设计出的扭转叶片动叶等截面直叶片不调频叶片斜围带T型叶根The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering中压级叶片 静叶可控涡流流型设计出的扭转叶片动叶等截面直叶片不调频叶片斜围带纵树型叶根The Department Of power engineeringThe De

30、partment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering低压级叶片 静叶可控涡流流型设计出的扭转叶片动叶等截面直叶片不调频叶片斜围带纵树型叶根前四级后三级扭转叶片调频叶片纵树型叶根1-5级第6级自由叶片第7级两根拉筋The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering级级 别别高压叶片轴向间隙高压叶片轴向间隙高压叶片径向间隙高压叶片径向间隙动动 叶叶静静 叶叶动动 叶

31、叶静静 叶叶进汽边进汽边出气边出气边进汽边进汽边进出汽进出汽边边进汽边进汽边出气边出气边ABEFZMST111.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75211.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75311.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75411.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75511.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75611.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75711.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.75811.211.05

32、9.459.5510.70.750.750.75911.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.751011.211.059.459.5510.70.750.750.751111.211.059.4510.70.750.750.75公差公差0.5公差公差0.05上海汽轮机厂引进型300MW汽轮机高压部分各级通流部分间隙 （mm） The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering级级 别别中压叶片轴向间隙中压叶片轴向间隙中压叶片径向间隙中压叶片径向间隙动动 叶叶静静 叶叶动动 叶叶静静 叶

33、叶进汽边进汽边出气边出气边进进汽汽边边出气边出气边进出汽边进出汽边进汽边进汽边出气边出气边ABEFVZMSTJ1210.27510.1514.62514.54.054.20.750.750.750.751310.27510.1514.62514.510.45.750.750.750.750.751410.27510.1514.62514.510.45.750.750.750.750.751510.27510.1514.62514.510.45.750.750.750.750.751610.27510.1514.62514.510.45.750.750.750.750.75179.2759.15

34、15.62515.511.24.950.750.750.750.75189.2759.1515.62515.511.24.950.750.750.750.75199.2759.1515.62515.511.24.950.750.750.750.75208.448.318.511.24.950.750.750.750.75公差公差0.5公差公差0.05上海汽轮机厂引进型300MW汽轮机中压部分各级通流部分间隙 mmThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering级级 别别叶片轴向间隙叶片轴向间隙围带汽封间

35、隙围带汽封间隙隔板汽封间隙隔板汽封间隙动叶进汽边动叶进汽边动叶出动叶出汽汽边边轴轴 向向径径 向向轴轴 向向径径 向向KABCDEFLGHM1292914.814.82.51.102292923.423.40.351.01.03292923.423.46.561.501.04292924.624.610.151.301.0535.73020.520.57.61.301.063115.815.86.1014.21.6573019.219.26.102.52.50公差公差0.13公差公差0.5公差公差0.05公差公差0.5公差公差0.05上海汽轮机厂引进型300MW汽轮机低压部分（调阀端）各级通流

36、部分间隙 mmThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering级级 别别叶片轴向间隙叶片轴向间隙围带汽封间隙围带汽封间隙隔板汽封间隙隔板汽封间隙动叶进汽边动叶进汽边动叶出气边动叶出气边轴轴 向向径径 向向轴轴 向向径径 向向ABCDEFLGHM114.814.829.029.016.71.100.05214.814.837.637.613.851.300.051.00314.814.837.637.620.91.900.051.30414.814.838.838.824.351.400.051.4052

37、1.515.834.76.601.600.051.50616.830.06.100.0511.71.65715.833.46.100.252.50公差公差0.5公差公差0.5公差公差0.05上海汽轮机厂引进型300MW汽轮机低压部分（发电机端）各级通流部分间隙 mmThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering：汽封按其安装的位置不同可分为隔板汽封隔板（或静叶环）内孔与主轴间隙处的汽封，用于减少隔板（或静叶环）前后的漏汽。通流部分汽封动叶栅与隔板及汽缸之间间隙处的汽封，用于减少动叶根部和顶部的径向和轴

38、向漏汽。轴端汽封主轴穿出汽缸处的汽封，该汽封用于减少蒸汽自缸内向缸外漏或防止空气漏入汽缸。The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Depart

39、ment Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering带状弹簧片（4根）用螺丝固定汽封环（8段具有T型根的汽封块组成一圈）平衡持环上的环槽5 53 34 41 12 2512=60个齿The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering

40、高齿对应转子中压平衡活塞段车出的凹槽低齿对应转子中压平衡活塞段的凸肩高压段5齿低压段12齿The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering312=36个齿The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering轴端汽封位置：主轴穿出汽缸处的汽封作用：减少蒸汽自缸内向缸外漏或防止空气漏入汽缸？高压内轴封高压外轴封1 12 23 3外界大气汽缸内部 微负压正压？轴封冷却器去低加凝结水泵来The Department Of power engineeringThe Department Of power engineering正压微负压The Departm