名师指导：被动语态精讲

1、名师指导：被动语态精讲概念“语态”表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者Eg. Cats eat fish.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者Eg. Fish is eaten by cats.在被动语态中动作的执行者有时用by短语表示出来.被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+ (及物动词的) 过去分词 ”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be 的变化表现出来，现在以do为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。时态被动语态结构一般现在时am/is/are done一般过去时was/were done现在进行时am/is/are being

2、done过去进行时was/were being done一般将来时shall/will/be going to be done过去将来时would be done现在完成时have/has been done过去完成时had been done注：情态动词的被语态构成：must/can/may/should+be+动词的过去分词 Eg: The car mustnt be stopped here. This job must be finished on time.Can this chair be taken out of the room?三、被动语态的用法不知动作执行者时,常用被动语态

3、.eg. My bike was stolen yesterday. This car is made in American.2. 不必要说出动作执行者时,常用被动语态.eg. Rome was not built in a day.3. 为了突出强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态.Eg. Thousands of beaches are polluted (污染). The glass was broken by Mike.四、主动语态变为被动语态(一)步骤: 1把原主动句中的宾语转换为被动语态的主语.2把动词改为被动形式,即 “be + 过去分词” . 注意 be动词要按新的主语的人称和数

4、进行变化,时态要和原来的主动语态的时态保持一致.3原来主动语态句中的主语,如果需要,就放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现. 如果没有必要就可以省略.其他的成分 (定语,状语) 不变, 句式也不能变.如：Bell invented the telephone in 1876. The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876. All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people.(二)类型： 1主动句中有一个宾语的被动语态 He saw her in the shop yesterday.

5、She was seen in the shop yesterday. 2主动句中有二个宾语的被动语态 Jim gave me a book. I was given a book by Jim. A book was given to me by Jim. 常见的带双宾语的动词有: give, afford, pass, lend, offer, return, tell, send, show, teach, buy等。3主动句中含有宾语补足语句子的被动语态 Mother told me not to be late. I was told not to be late by mother

6、.I saw mother planting flowers in the garden. Mother was seen planting flowers in the garden.注意：make，let等使役动词及see，hear，watch，notice, feel 等感官动词后的不定式须省去to，被动语态中, 该省去的to必须加上。如：He let her go at last. She was let to go at last. We heard him sing in his room just now. He was heard to sing in his room jus

7、t now. They made him work 12 hours a day. He was made to work 12 hours a day4短语动词的被动语态 动词短语是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。如： I can take good care of the baby. The baby can be taken good care of.We should take care of the old people . The old people should be taken care of.练习：This dictionary mustn't _ from t

8、he libraryAtake away Btaken away Care taken away Dbe taken away5不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be 过去分词”。例如：The radio says a wild animal zoo is to _ in our cityCAbe building Bbuild Cbe built Dbuilt6以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头。例如：Who has broken the cup？（改为被动语态）By whom has the cup b

9、een broken？五、不用被动语态的情况1. “主语+系动词+表语”的句子没有被动语态。系动词有appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等.2. there be 句型没有被动语态。3.主动句中宾语是反身代词或是each other，one another时没有被动语态。 如: He taught himself Maths. 他自学了数学 We help each other. 我们互相帮助。4.带同源宾语的及物动词如die /

10、dead , dream / dream , live / life 等不能用被动语态 。 如：She dreamed a bad dream last night.5.不及物动词或由不及物动词构成的短语,如appear, die, disppear, end(iv.结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep slilence, lose heart,take place等没有被动语态. 比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词

11、；raise, seat是及物动词。The price has been risen.(×) The price has raised.(×) The price has risen.() The price has been raised.()The accident was happened last week.(×) Please seat.(×)The accident happened last week.() Please be seated.()但有的不及物动词与介词搭配后，则有被动语态. 如：The nurse looked after

12、the baby carefully.The baby was looked after by the nurse carefully. 6.不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等. 如:This key fits the lock. 7.当宾语是不定

13、式时,不用于被动语态.如She likes to swim.() To swim is liked by her.(×)六、主动形式表示被动意义1.动词 (表示主语的属性特征) + 副词 (well/ badly/easily/smoothly),用主动式表被动义。这些动词有read, write, sell, wash, clean, wear, lock, open, cook, shut, dry, eat, drink，iron, look, cut, draw, feel等） 如: 1) Meat cuts easily. 肉容易切。2) His new book sell

14、s well. 他的新书很畅销。3) The car drove easily. 这车很容易开。4) Your pen writes quite smoothly. 你的钢笔写起来很滑爽。练习:（1）The books _ well A. were sold B. sell C. have sold D. are being soldThis kind of cloth _ easily A. has washed B. was washed C. washes D. is washed2.不定式在某些形容词后作状语,且和句子的主语(或宾语)构成动宾关系时,用主动式表被动义。有difficul

15、t, easy, hard, fit, pleasant, good, comfortable, light, heavy, safe,如: 1) .The question is easy to answer. 这问题容易回答。2). " Can you pass the test?" " Oh. It's hard to say."“你能考及格吗？”“喔，很难说。” 3). That box seems heavy for him to carry.那盒子好象他搬起来很重。练习:(1).The fish is not fit _(eat)(2

16、).We find English is hard _ (learn)(3).The article is difficult _ (understand).3.不定式作后置定语,与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系,又和该句主语(或宾语)构成主谓关系时,用主动式表被动义。 如:1. I have a lot of homework _(do)2. Ill give him some books _ (read)4表示状态特征的连系动词+adj./n.,用主动式表被动义。 (look,sound,feel,smell,taste, prove, appear,make,.)如：1) This shirt

17、 feels much softer than that one.这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多。2)That food smells terrible.那食品难闻。3)These oranges taste nice.这些桔子味道很好。4) The news proved (或 turned out ) true. 这消息被证明是真实的。5 表示“开始、结束、运动”的动词用主动式表被动义。(begin,open,start,stop,end,finish,shut, move,run,.)如：The shop opens at 6 am. every day6. 作“需要”讲的want/n

18、eed/require后接动名词作宾语时，用主动式表被动义；当然也可接不定式的被动式作宾语。 如：Your jacket needs washing/to be washed The flowers need watering/to be watered every day.七、被动形式表示主动意义be determined, be pleased, be graduated（from）, be prepared（for）, be occupied（in）, get/be married等。如：He was graduated from a famous university. 注意： 表示同

19、某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get/be married to sb. 均可。如：He married a rich girl. =He got/was married to a rich girl. 特殊结构make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/理解自己） 八、相关知识点精讲1. let 的用法 （1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。如：They let the stranger go. The stranger was let go.（2）当let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permi

20、t 代替。如：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.2. 短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。如：My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing has never been heard of before. 3.与被动语态相关的句型有 （1）It is said that. 据说 It is reported that. 据报道 It is believed that. 大家相信 It is hoped that. 大家希望It is well known that. 众所周知It is thought that. 大家认为 It is suggested that. 据建议 It is taken f