伊丽莎白一世英文介绍

1、ofthegreatTudordynasty,abrightstarwhodazzledboththenationandtheworld.Elizabeth'sachievementshaslastedfornearlyfourcenturiesandit'seasytoseewhy.Shereignedfor45tumultuousyears.HershipsdefeatedtheSpanishArmadaandsailedroundtheglobe.Inhertime,ShakespearewroteplaysandSpenserwrotepoems.Thedaughter

2、ofKingHenryVIIIandhissecondwife,AnneBoleyn,QueenElizabethIcametothethronein1558andruledEnglandforalmost45years.HerreignisknownasTheGoldenAge,atimethatsawthebirthofShakespeare,thedefeatoftheSpanishArmada,andtheemergenceofEnglandasaworldpower.FromtheprisontothepalaceElizabeth'sfatherwasHenryVIII,o

3、neofthemostfamouskingsinEnglandforhissixwives.Henrydivorcedhisfirstwife,CatherinofAragon,becauseshehadnotgivenhimasonhehadbeenlongfor,butnowherreplacementAnnBoleynhadfailedherprincipaldutyasroyalbreedingmachine,forshehadonlyonedaughter-Elizabeth.Meanwhile,Henryhadfalleninlovewithanotherwoman-JaneSey

4、mour.BythetimewhenElizabethwasonlythree,Annwassoonaccusedofmultipleadulteryandexecuted.Andtheirmarriagewasdeclearednullandvoid.Elizabethwasnowillegitimateandunabletoinheritthethrone.SoinsteadoftheRightHighandMightyPrincess,theLadyElizabeth,inheritrixofthecrownofEngland,shebecametheLadyElizabeth,theK

5、ing'ssecondbastarddaughter.Althoughwasbroughtupinthecountryawayfromtheroyalcourt,shestudieslanguagesfromtheageoffour.ShebecamefluentinFrench,Italian,LatinandGreek.In1544,HenryreinstatedElizabethandMaryinthesuccession.Nowomanhadeversatonthethronebefore.NowifEdward(JaneSeymour'sson)diedwithout

6、aheir,firstMaryandthenElizabethwouldbecomequeen.HenrythensailedforFrancetofightawar,leavinghiswifeKatherineParr,asregentinchargeofthekingdom.Elizabethnowwitnessedatfirsthandthatanintelligent,well-educatedwomancouldruleeffectively.In1546,Elizabeth'sfather,HenryVIIIdied,andlittleKingEdwardVIhadste

7、ppedintohisfather'sshoesattheageof9,whileElizabethwasonly13.InordertodivorceCatherinofAragon,HenryhadbrokenawayfromRomeandmadehimselfheadofthechurchinEngland.TheCatholicchurches.crossesandcandleswerebeingstrippedeverywhere.ThenewfaithhadtheenthusiasticbackingofElizabeth'sbrother,theyoungKing

8、Edward.Butby1553,the15-year-oldKingwasdyingoftuberculosis.HewasdesperatetostopthereligiousreformsbeingundonebyhisCatholicsisterMary,whowouldsuccedunderthetermsoftheirfather'swill.Soheexcludedherfromthesuccessionbecauseshewasabastard.Butitcouldn'tstopMary'soverwhelmingsupport,forshewaspro

9、claimedQueen,whosevisionwastoleadEnglandbacktothetrueCatholicfaith.MaryhadstampedCatholicismonEnglandwithextraordinaryviolence,burningatthestakeover300Protestantmen,women,andchildren.Elizabeth'sProtestantismmarkedheroutasapotentialenemy.In1554,Elizabethwassenttothetowerforinvolvinginafailedrebel

10、lion.However,MaryfinallyrelentedunderpressurefromhercounciltonameElizabethashersuccessor.In1559,ElizabethwascrownedasQueenofEngland.TheVirginQueenParliamentpetitionedtheQueenaskinghertopledgeherselftoasuitableinternationalmarriage.Threedayslater,shegaveherresponses.“Nowthepubliccareofgoverningthekin

11、gdomislaiduponme,todrawuponmealsothecaresofmymarriage,mayseemapointofinconsiderablefolly.Yea,tosatisfyyou,Ihavealreadyjoinedmyselfinmarriagetoanhusband,namelytheKingdomofEngland.Andformeitshallbeafullsatisfactionif,whenIshallletmylastbreath,itmaybeengravenuponmymarbletomb'HereliethElizabeth,whic

12、hreignedavirginanddied_-.，力avirgin.ElizabethhadfinallygottheparliamenttorestoreProtestantisminEngland.QueenElizabethisGodsdirectrepresentativehereonearth-churchandstateareone.ElizabethhadinheritedfromhersisterMaryanationthatwasbankrupt,militaryweakandhemmedinbyenemies.Intheparlanceofthetime,thecount

13、rywasabonebetweentwodogs-FranceandSpain.ElizabethI-thelastTudormonarch-wasbornatGreenwichon7September1533,thedaughterofHenryVIIIandhissecondwife,AnneBoleyn.Herearlylifewasfullofuncertainties,andherchancesofsucceedingtothethroneseemedveryslightonceherhalf-brotherEdwardwasbornin1537.Shewasthenthirdinl

14、inebehindherRomanCatholichalf-sister,PrincessMary.RomanCatholics,indeed,alwaysconsideredherillegitimateandsheonlynarrowlyescapedexecutioninthewakeofafailedrebellionagainstQueenMaryin1554.Elizabethsucceededtothethroneonherhalf-sister'sdeathinNovember1558.Shewasverywell-educated(fluentinfivelangua

15、ges),andhadinheritedintelligence,determinationandshrewdnessfrombothparents.Her45-yearreignisgenerallyconsideredoneofthemostgloriousinEnglishhistory.DuringitasecureChurchofEnglandwasestablished.Itsdoctrineswerelaiddowninthe39Articlesof1563,acompromisebetweenRomanCatholicismandProtestantism.Elizabethh

16、erselfrefusedto'makewindowsintomen'ssouls.thereisonlyoneJesusChristandalltherestisadisputeovertrifles'sheaskedforoutwarduniformity.Mostofhersubjectsacceptedthecompromiseasthebasisoftheirfaith,andherchurchsettlementprobablysavedEnglandfromreligiouswarslikethosewhichFrancesufferedintheseco

17、ndhalfofthe16thcentury.Althoughautocraticandcapricious,Elizabethhadastutepoliticaljudgementandchoseherministerswell;theseincludedWilliamCecil,laterLordBurghley(SecretaryofState),SirChristopherHatton(LordChancellor)andSirFrancisWalsingham(inchargeofintelligenceandalsoaSecretaryofState).Overall,Elizab

18、eth'sadministrationconsistedofsome600officialsadministeringthegreatofficesofstate,andasimilarnumberdealingwiththeCrownlands(whichfundedtheadministrativecosts).Socialandeconomicregulationandlawandorderremainedinthehandsofthesheriffsatlocallevel,supportedbyunpaidjusticesofthepeace.Elizabeth'sr

19、eignalsosawmanybravevoyagesofdiscovery,includingthoseofFrancisDrake,WalterRaleighandHumphreyGilbert,particularlytotheAmericas.TheseexpeditionspreparedEnglandforanageofcolonisationandtradeexpansion,whichElizabethherselfrecognisedbyestablishingtheEastIndiaCompanyinattheveryendof1599.Theartsflourishedd

20、uringElizabeth'sreign.CountryhousessuchasLongleatandHardwickHallwerebuilt,miniaturepaintingreacheditshighpoint,theatresthrived-theQueenattendedthefirstperformanceofShakespeare's'AMidsummerNight'sDream'.ComposerssuchasWilliamByrdandThomasTallisworkedinElizabeth'scourtandattheC

21、hapelRoyal,St.James'sPalace.TheimageofElizabeth'sreignisoneoftriumphandsuccess.TheQueenherselfwasoftencalled'Gloriana','GoodQueenBess'and'TheVirginQueen'.Investinginexpensiveclothesandjewellery(tolookthepart,likeallcontemporarysovereigns),shecultivatedthisimagebytouri

22、ngthecountryinregionalvisitsknownas'progresses',oftenridingonhorsebackratherthanbycarriage.Elizabethmadeatleast25progressesduringherreign.However,Elizabeth'sreignwasoneofconsiderabledangeranddifficultyformany,withthreatsofinvasionfromSpainthroughIreland,andfromFrancethroughScotland.Mucho

23、fnorthernEnglandwasinrebellionin1569-70.Apapalbullof1570specificallyreleasedElizabeth'ssubjectsfromtheirallegiance,andshepassedharshlawsagainstRomanCatholicsafterplotsagainstherlifewerediscovered.OnesuchplotinvolvedMary,QueenofScots,whohadfledtoEnglandin1568afterhersecondhusband,Henry,LordDarnle

24、y's,murderandhersubsequentmarriagetoamanbelievedtohavebeeninvolvedinhismurder,James,EarlofBothwell.AsalikelysuccessortoElizabeth,Maryspent19yearsasElizabeth'sprisonerbecauseMarywasthefocusforrebellionandpossibleassassinationplots,suchastheBabingtonPlotof1586.Marywasalsoatemptationforpotentia

25、linvaderssuchasPhilipII.Inaletterof1586toMary,Elizabethwrote,'Youhaveplanned.totakemylifeandruinmykingdom.Ineverproceededsoharshlyagainstyou.'DespiteElizabeth'sreluctancetotakedrasticaction,ontheinsistenceofParliamentandheradvisers,Marywastried,foundguiltyandexecutedin1587.In1588,aidedby

26、badweather,theEnglishnavyscoredagreatvictoryovertheSpanishinvasionfleetofaround130ships-the'Armada'.TheSpanishArmadawasintendedtooverthrowtheQueenandre-establishRomanCatholicismbyconquest,asPhilipIIbelievedhehadaclaimtotheEnglishthronethroughhismarriagetoMary.DuringElizabeth'slongreign,t

27、henationalsosufferedfromhighpricesandsevereeconomicdepression,especiallyinthecountryside,duringthe1590s.ThewaragainstSpainwasnotverysuccessfulaftertheArmadahadbeenbeatenand,togetherwithothercampaigns,itwasverycostly.Thoughshekeptatightreinongovernmentexpenditure,Elizabethleftlargedebtstohersuccessor

28、.WarsduringElizabeth'sreignareestimatedtohavecostover£5million(atthepricesofthe£392,000.time)whichCrownrevenuescouldnotmatch-in1588,forexample,Elizabeth'stotalannualrevenueamountedtosomeDespitethecombinationoffinancialstrainsandprolongedwarafter1588,Parliamentwasnotsummonedmoreoften.Therewereonly16sittingsoftheCommonsduringElizabeth'sreign,fiveofwhichwereintheperiod1588-1601.AlthoughElizabethfreelyusedherpowertovetolegislation,sheavoidedconfrontationanddidnotattempttodefineParliament'sconstitutionalpositionandrights.Elizabeth