综合英语第二册Unit7讲义

1、Unit7QuoteHistoriesmakemenwise;poemswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.FrancisBacon历史使人睿智，诗歌使人智慧，数学使人细致，自然哲学使人深邃，道德使人严肃;逻辑与修辞使人善辩。读史使人明智,读诗使人聪慧,演算使人精密,哲理使人深刻,伦理学使人有修养,逻辑修辞使人善辩。史鉴使人明智；诗歌使人巧慧；数学使人精细；博物使人深沉；伦理之学使人庄重；逻辑与修辞使人善辩。4. Questionsaboutthete

2、xt- -Whatissuesdoesthewriteroftheletterintendtodealwith?- -Whatisthemainidea?Whatstheauthorspurposeofwriting?- -Howisthetextarranged?asWhatissuesdoesthewriteroftheletterintendtodealwith?Howshouldstudentsregardgrades,bothgoodandbad?Aregradesimportantastheyareassumedtobe?Dogoodgradesnecessarilyleadtoa

3、chievementsandbadgradesresultinfailureinastudentslaterlife?Whatisthetextmainlyabout?.Thetextismainlyaboutgrades,disappointmentandattitudestowardsthembyconsideringexactlywhatthegradeBmeansanddoesntmean.Whatstheauthorspurposeofwriting?totellhisstudentthatheshouldviewhisgradesandhisdisappointmentcorrec

4、tly.Whattypeofwritingisthisessay?argumentation.Apartfromthefirstparagraph,therestofthetextfallsclearlyintothreeparts,eachofwhichismarkedatthebeginningbyakeywordorwords.Trytofindthesekeywords.-Paragraphs25:DisappointmentParagraphs6-8:Thestudentasperformer;thestudentashumanbeing.Paragraphs9-10:Perspec

5、tivePart1(paragraph1)Understandingtheparagraph:1) Whatdoesthispartmainlytalkabout?2) Whatchangeaboutgradeshastheauthormentionedbriefly?3)What,accordingtotheauthor,hascausedthefeelingofdisappointment?4) Hastheauthorstatedhispurposeofwritinginthisparagraph?Ifyes,whatisit?Ifnot,whereisitstatedinthetext

6、?Mainideaofthispart:Itintroducesthetopicoftheletter:gradeBforthecourseandthefeelingofdisappointment.Whatchangeaboutgradeshastheauthormentionedbriefly?Theauthorhasmentionedbrieflythechangeinthewaygradesareregarded,i.e.thenormhasshiftedupward.What,accordingtotheauthor,hascausedthefeelingofdisappointme

7、nt?Ithastodowiththegeneralsocialclimatewheregradesdetermineeligibilityforgraduateschoolandspecialprograms.Thisiswhytheauthorsaysthereisnothinghecandotoremovethefeelingofdisappointment.Hastheauthorstatedhispurposeofwritinginthisparagraph?Ifyes,whatisit?Ifnot,whereisitstatedinthetext?Thepurposeofwriti

8、ngtheletterisnotstatedinthisparagraph.Itisnotspecificallymentioneduntilthethirdparagraph.ImcertainthatnothingIcansaywillremovethatfeelingofdisappointment,particularlyinaclimatewheregradesdetermineeligibilityforgraduateschoolandspecialprogram.(Paragraph1)Translation:我肯定无论我说什么都不会消除你的沮丧心情，特别是在我们生活的环境中，

9、考试分数直接决定你是否有资格读研究生和申请一些特别的学习项目。normn.1) anacceptedstandardorawayofbehavingordoingthingsthatmostpeopleagreewithe.g.Youmustadapttothenormsofthesocietyyoulivein.2) thenorm=asituationortypeofbehaviorthatisexpectedandconsideredtobetypicale.g.Onechildperfamilyisfastbecomingthenorminsomecountries.常态Derivat

10、ion:normala.;normallyad.normalizev.;normalizationn.norm normal normality normalizen.标准，规范a.正常的，正规的n.正常；标准；常态v. 使正常，使标准化n.常态过了几天，洪水才退，生活恢复了正常。Itwasseveraldaysbeforethefloodwatersankandlifereturnedtonormal.我们的关系正常了。Ourrelationshiphasbeennormalized.shiftvt.&vi.1) to(causesomethingorsomeoneto)moveor

11、changefromonepositionordirectiontoanother,especiallyslightly(使)移动，(使)转移2) tochangeasituation,discussionetcbygivingspecialattentiontooneideaorsubjectinsteadoftoapreviousone转移注意力等3) )tochangeopinions转变；改变意见、信仰等e.g.Sheshifted(herweight)uneasilyfromonefoottotheother.她不安地把重心从一只脚转移到另一只脚。Thewindisexpectedt

12、oshift(totheeast)tomorrow.TheWhiteHousehopestoshiftthemediasattentionawayfromforeignpolicyissues.白宫希望把媒体的注意力从外交政策问题上转移开。Publicopinionwasbeginningtoshifttotheright(=becomemoreright-wing)公众舆论开始右倾。Derivation:shiftn.shiftlessa.lazyandhavingnointerestinworkinghardortryingtosucceed懒惰的，不求上进的，得过且过的5N.1)ifwo

13、rkersinafactory,hospitaletcworkshifts,theyworkforaparticularperiodoftimeduringthedayornight,andarethenreplacedbyothers,sothattherearealwayspeopleworking工厂、医院等轮班制中的当班时间Iworkshifts.我轮班工作。Ashiftsystemhasbeenintroduced.实行了轮班工作制。do/worka(10-/12-/24-etchour)shiftDavehadtoworka12-hourshiftyesterday.戴夫昨天要上一

14、个12小时的班。night/dayetcshiftThethoughtofworkingnightshiftsputheroffbecominganurse.想到要上夜班，她就打消了当护士的念头。early/lateshiftImontheearlyshifttomorrow.明天我要上早班shiftwork/worker/workingpeoplewhodoshiftwork做轮班工作的人2).ashiftkey键盘上的shift键，换挡键Torunthespell-checker,pressSHIFTandF7.要使用拼写检查程序withtheresultthat:inconsequenc

15、e;asaconsequenceof因此；从而；其结果是E.g.Toincreasesales,firmscouldhiremorepeoplewithoutcaringtoomuchaboutproductivity,withtheresultthatgrowthinrevenuecorrelatedcloselywithgrowthinheadcount.为了增进销售，各企业可以雇佣更多的人而不用操心员工的生产力，因此，营业额的增长与员工数量的增加呈现紧密的相关性。Practice：盗贼戴上手套，因而没有留下指纹Theburglarworegloves,withtheresultthatt

16、hereisnofingerprinttobefound.建国以来我们犯的几次错误，都是由于要求过急，目标过高，脱离了中国的实际，结果发展反倒慢了。ThemistakeswehavemadesincethefoundingofthePeoplesRepublicwereallduetoover-eagerness:disregardingChinasrealities,settingexcessivelyhightargets,withtheresultthatprogresswasslowed.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.他因急性阑

17、尾炎住院治疗，结果连期末考试都没参加。(withtheresultthat)Hewashospitalizedwithacuteappendicitis,withtheresultthathemissedthefinalexamination.eligibilityn.thequalificationsorabilitiesrequiredfordoingsomethingDerivation:eligiblea.eligible(forsth./todosth.)1) 她的资历和经验确定她适合做这项工作。2) 只有在公司工作三年以上的人才能得到住房补贴。1 )Herqualification

18、sandexperienceconfirmhereligibilityforthejob.2 )OnlythosewhohaveworkedinthiscompanyforatleastthreeyearsareeligibleforhousingallowancePart2(paragraph2-5)Understandingtheparagraph:Mainidea:Theauthortellshowheunderstandsagrade:agrade,whichisjustafuzzyrepresentationofthestudentsmasteryofacertainsubjectb

19、utnotaprecisejudgementofthestudentsabilityorcharacter,isover-emphasizedinAmericansociety.Question:1) Howdoestheauthorexplainthenotionofdisappointment?2) WhatdoestheauthorthinkhasgivenrisetoaBstudentsfeelingofdisappointment?HowdoyouinterpretthesecondsentenceinParagraph2“Theessenceofsuccessisthatthere

20、sneverenoughofittogoroundinazero-sumgamewhereonepersonswinningmustbeoffsetbyanotherslosing,onepersonsjoyoffsetbyanothersdisappointment”.Explanation:“Zero-sumgame”referstoasituationinwhichifonepersongainsanadvantagefromit,someoneelseinvolvedinitmustsufferanequivalentdisadvantage.Paraphrase:Theredoesn

21、otexistthesituationinwhichallthosewhoareinvolvedwillturnoutsuccessfulandnoonefeelsdisappointed.Wherevertherearewinners,therearelosers.Whensomeonefeelshappyabouthissuccess,someoneelsemayfeeldisappointedathisfailure.Inahighlycompetitivesocietywheretheimportanceofwinningisemphasizedsomuch,itisinevitabl

22、ethatthosewhofailinthecompetitionwillfeeldisappointed.Translation:我们所生活的社会就像一个零和游戏，只要有人赢，就会有人输；只要有人感到幸福，就会有人感到沮丧。从来都不存在大家都成功而没有人失落的情况。这就是成功的核心因素。,winningisnotthemostimportantthingitstheonlything.,Explanation:Thisisaspecialtypeofnegation.Theauthorisnotnegatingtheimportanceofwinning;rather,withthesent

23、encethatfollowsthenegativeone,theauthorgivestheutmostemphasistotheimportanceofwinning.Whattheauthorwantstosayis“Winningisofprimaryimportance;nothingcouldbemoreimportantthan“winning.”Translation:成功不是最重要的事情它是唯一的事情e.g.ToimproveyouroralEnglish,practicingisnotthemostimportantthingitstheonlything.Oursisat

24、imeofinformationexplosion;tokeepupwiththetimes,updatingourknowledgeisnotthemostimportantthingitstheonlything.Tolose,tofail,togounder,togobrokethesearedeadlysinsinaworldwhereprosperityinthepresentisseenasasuresignofsalvationinthefuture.Paraphrase:Beingunsuccessfulinoneslifeandcareerandfinanciallydisa

25、dvantagedareregardedasshamefulorevensinfulbecauseinthisworldpeopletendtothinkthatonlythosewhoaresuccessfulnowcanbesavedfromevilinthefuture.Inadifferentsociety,yourdisappointmentmightbesomethingyoucouldshrugaway.Butnotinours.Paraphrase:Ifyouareinadifferentsociety,youcouldjustignoreyoudisappointment,b

26、utinoursociety,itsinescapable.Translation:假如你处在另一个社会里，你可以对你的沮丧置之不理，但是在我们这个社会里是无法回避的。inadequacy1) Uafeelingthatyouarenotasgood,clever,skilledetcasotherpeople人不够好，不胜任Unemploymentcancausefeelingsofinadequacyandlowself-esteem.失业会使人缺乏自信，产生自卑感。2) Uthefactofnotbeinggoodenoughinquality,ability,sizeetcforapa

27、rticularpurpose质量、能力、大小等不足，欠缺+oftheinadequacyoflocalhealthcare当地医疗保健服务的不足3) .Cusuallyplural,一afaultorweakness缺点，不足之处Imquiteawareofmyowninadequacies.我很清楚自身的不足之处。Derivation:inadequatea.inadequatelyad.Antonym:adequacyExercise:Usethefollowingwordstofillintheblanks.inadequacyinadequatelyadequacyadequatea

28、dequately1. Unemploymentcanoftencausefeelingsofandlowself-esteem.2. Hedoubtedherforthejob.3. Willfutureoilsuppliesbetomeetworldneeds?4. Whilesomepatientscanbecaredforathome,othersarebestservedbycareinahospital.5. Ourscientificresearchisfunded.essencen.themostbasicandimportantideaorqualityE.g.Theesse

29、nceofhisargumentwasthateducationshouldcontinuethroughoutlife.Yetchangeistheveryessenceoflife.Collocation:inessence本质上，大体上Inessence,bothsidesagreeontheissue.oftheessence非常重要的，不可缺少的Inanyofthesediscussions,ofcourse,honestyisoftheessence.Derivation:essentiala.&n.essentiallyad.goround1） Themainroadwa

30、sfloodedsowehadtogoroundbynarrowcountrylanes.绕道2） Itisunprofessionaltogoroundcriticizingyourcolleagues.-（四处活动，在交际方面活跃）Thereisarumourgoingroundthatshehasbeenarrested.（流传，传播）Thereisalotofflugoingroundatthatmoment.（传染，流行）3） ）（0fanumberorquantityofsth）beenoughforeveryonetohaveashare（指某物的数或量）足够每人一份Therea

31、rentenoughchairstogoround.椅子不够坐。Isthereenoughfoodtogoround?食物够每人一份吗？前来听讲座的人数远远超出原来的估计，分发给大家的讲义不够了。Asmanymorepeoplecametothelecturethanexpected,therewerenotenoughhandoutstogoround.offsetvt.tocounterbalanceorcompensateforInbasketball,heoffsetshissmallsizebyhisclevernessandspeed.Forestscanhelpoffsethum

32、an-causedclimatewarming,andscientistswanttoknowhowbigaroletheseparticularforestswillplay.Collocation:offsetsth.bysth./doingsth.goundertofail;tobeoverwhelmed破产，沉没，失败，屈服Hisbusinesswentunderbecauseofcompetitionfromthelargecorporations.PoorDonaldsonhadnoheadfor（在某方面缺少天分）business,anditwasnotlongbeforehew

33、entunder.go/bebroketobecomepenniless;togobankrupt破产了，没钱，身无分文的，穷的Thebusinesskeptlosingmoneyandfinallywentbroke.IcantaffordtogoonholidaythisyearImbroke.Alotofsmallbusinesseswentbrokeduringtherecession.经济不景气，很多小公司都倒闭了。salvagev.打捞，抢救salvageablea.可抢救的，可打捞的salvationn.得救，拯救；赎罪房子里没有什么东西可救的了。Thereisnothingth

34、atissalvageableinthebuilding.天气干旱了这么久，这场雨成了农民的救星。Aftersomuchdryweather,therainhasbeenthefarmerssalvation.Questions:1) Howdoestheauthorexplainthenotionofdisappointment?(Paragraph2).Disappointmentisanegativefeeling.Itisthestuffbaddreamsaremadeof.Whatdeservesourattentionhereisthattheauthorexplainsdisap

35、pointmentinrelationtosuccess.2) WhatdoestheauthorthinkhasgivenrisetoaBstudentsfeelingofdisappointment.Asfarastheauthorisconcerned,thecauseofthestudentsdisappointmentistoalargeextentsocial.Inasocietywheretheimportanceofwinningisoveremphasized,itisconsideredshamefultobealoser.Whatsmore,prosperityinthe

36、presentisassumedtoensureonessalvationinthefuture.Inthisgeneralsocialclimate,therefore,aBstudentwillnaturallyfeeldisappointed.Paragraph3Whatisthemainidea?Itrevealsthepurposeofwritingthisletter:thestudentsshouldlearnhowtocorrectlydealwiththegradeBanddisappointmentfromit.Whatdoesthephrase“putsth.inpers

37、pective”mean?(Paragraph3)Itmeans“judgetheimportanceofsth.correctly.”Sowhattheauthorwantstodoistoshowthestudentshowtheyshouldregard/viewtheirdisappointmentcorrectly.perspectiven.1 )awayofregardingsituations,facts,etc.；思考问题的角度，观点，想法2 )asensiblewayofjudgingandcomparingsituationssothatyoudonotimaginetha

38、tsomethingismoreseriousthanitreallyis对事物的合理判断，正确认识3 ）amethodofdrawingapicturethatmakesobjectslooksolidandshowsdistanceanddepth,ortheeffectthismethodproducesinapicture透视（画）法；透视效果，透视感e.g.Hisfathersdeathgavehimawholenewperspectiveonlife.Thenoveliswrittenfromtheperspectiveofachild.IthinkTomhaslostallsen

39、seofperspective.Theartisttooktheuseofperspective.in/outofperspective:可见物体的位置或比例正确/不正确；恰当/不恰当E.g.Thebackgroundofthispictureisalloutofperspective.view/put/seesth.inperspective：从,角度观察、处置、看待sthE.g.Heseesthingsintheirrightperspective.take,atfacevaluetoacceptsomethingforwhatitappearstobeE.g.Shetookhisstor

40、iesatfacevalueanddidnotknowhewasjoking.Ifyoutakehisremarksonlyattheirfacevalue,youwillnothaveunderstoodhisfullmeaning.Translation:如果这一生中我学会了一件事的话，那就是绝不要听什么就相信什么。IfthereisonethingIhavelearnedinlife,itisnevertotakeanythingyouaretoldatfacevalue.我们不应只看到失败的表面，而要从失败中得出经验教训。Weshouldnttakefailuresatfacevalu

41、e.Instead,weshouldlearnfromourfailures.他的话，你得好好想一想，千万不要他说什么你就信什么。beapttotohavethetendencytoE.g.Acarelesspersonisapttomakemistakes.E.g.Mypenisratherapttoleak.Synonym:beinclinedto误导，误入歧途belikelytomislead:makeyouthinkoractwronglyE.g.Hedeliberatelymisledusaboutthenatureoftheirrelationship.关于他们究竟是什么关系，他故

42、意给我们留下错误印象。E.g.Thissentencehasmisledusintothinkingthattheanswerwaswrong.这句话误使我们认为那个答案是错误的。Paragraph4Questions:1) Whydoestheauthorthinkthatgradesaremisleading?(Paragraphs4)2) Trytofindoutwhatagrademeansandwhatitdoesnotmean.(Paragraphs45)Lackingmoreprecisemeasurementtools,wemustinterpretyourBasarather

43、fuzzysymbolatbest,representingaquestionablejudgmentofyourmasteryofthesubject.(Paragraphs4)Translation由于缺乏更精确的衡量工具，我们至多只能把B看作一个模糊的符号，表示对你掌握某一科目的程度的判断，不过这种判断的准确性很值得怀疑proficienta.熟练的，精通的proficiencyn.熟练，精通我可以说对唱歌很在行。IdsayIamquiteproficientatsinging.correspondtotomatch;tobesimilarorequalto,相当于，符合于TheAmer

44、icanCongresscorrespondstotheBritishParliament.assume assuming assumptionv.conj.n.假定，设想；承担；认为假定，假如假定，设想 assumption of sth我以为你能讲流利的英语。IassumedyoucouldspeakEnglishfluently.假定那是真的，我们现在该怎么办？Assumingthatitistrue,whatshouldwedonow?assumptionn.whatisthoughttobetrueorwillhappen,withoutanyrealproofThesecalcul

45、ationsarebasedontheassumptionthatpriceswillcontinuetorise.Imworkingontheassumptionthatthemoneywillcomethrough.Collocation:assumptionofsth.Translation:1. 这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。Thetheoryisbasedonaseriesofwrongassumptions.2. 看见不明飞行物时，有些人就设想在其他行星上有生命。Somepeopleassumethatthereislifeonotherplanetswhentheysee

46、UFOs.inadequacyassumptioncorrespondtoessenceoffsetconventionalgounderperspectiveproficiencybeaptto4. Agreatmanycompaniesinthefiercefinancialrisk.5. Everyoneseesthingsfromhisorherown6. Sheliveinthecountry,butherhusbandwantedtoliveinthecity.7. Tomsasaprofessoriswellknown.8. Englishisalwaysthoughttobea

47、nation.9. Theworkingofthismachinethatofthehumanbrain.10. Theoftheirsonscomingbackafterthewarprovedtobewrong.Whydoestheauthorthinkthatgradesaremisleading?(Paragraphs4)Agradeisjustasymbol,whichissupposedtoreflectthelevelofastudentsperformance,andthestudentsperformanceisassumedtocorrespondtohisknowledg

48、e.Butthestudentsmayhaveacquiredmoreorlessknowledgeoutofthecoursethanthegradeindicates.Thereforeagrademaybemisleading.Trytofindoutwhatagrademeansandwhatitdoesnotmean.(Paragraphs45)Itmeansthesuccessfulcompletionofaspecificcourseatacertainlevelofproficiency.Itisanindicationofthestudentsperformanceofsom

49、econventionaltasks.However,itmaynotbeatruthfulindicationofthestudentsknowledge.Itdoesnotrepresentajudgmentofthestudentsbasicabilityorofhischaracter.Paragraph5QuestionWhatdoyouthinkistheauthorsattitudetowardthecurrentschoolcurriculum?(Paragraphs5)Hisattitudetowardthecurrentschoolcurriculumiscritical.

50、Inthisparagraphhementionsanumberofimportantcharacteristicsofhumanssuchascourage,kindness,wisdom,andgoodhumor.Thesearenotincludedinthecurrentschoolcurriculum.Obviouslyourschoolshaveneglectedcharacterbuildingofthestudents.inshortsupply:farfromenough供给不足，缺乏Thewaterandfoodfordisasterareaisinshortsupply.

51、这些水和食物给灾区是远远不够的。Potatoesareinshortsupplybecauseofthebadharvest.由于收成不好，现在马铃薯供应不足。Understandingtheparagraph:Mainidea:Theauthormakesthedistinctionbetweenthestudentasaclassroomperformerandthestudentasahumanbeing,whichwouldhelpthestudentputhisgradeinperspective.Intheeyeoftheauthor,gettingaBinclassdoesnot

52、meanonewillalwaysbeaBperformerinlife.QuestionHowdoestheauthorillustratehisdistinction?byusinghispersonalexperience.Howwouldyouexplainthetechniquetheauthorsinstructorusedtohandlehisclass?Thetechniquetheinstructorusedwastomakeacleardistinctionbetweenthestudentasaclassroomperformerandthestudentasahuman

53、being.Apoorgrade,atbest,indicatesthatthestudentisapoorclassroomperformer,butithaslittletosaytheabilityandpersonalityofthestudentasahumanbeing.Bymakingsuchadistinction,theinstructorencouraged,ratherthandiscouraged,thosewhowerenotdoingwellinclass.Asaresulttheyallworkedharderathiscourse.,whenIgotoutoft

54、heservice,(paragraph6)Explanation:Usuallythepluralform“services”isusedtorefertothethreearmedforces,i.e.theArmy,theNavy,andtheAirForce.Paraphrase:,whenIgotoutofthearmy,Translation:,当我退役的时候,Nordidtheyresenthimforshiftingsuddenlyfromafriendlygeartoacoerciveone.(paragraph8)Explanation:Theword“gear”origi

55、nallymeansadeviceinavehiclewhichcontrolstherateatwhichtheenergybeingusedisconvertedintomotion.Whiledriving,adriversometimesshiftsorchangesgear.Inthissentence,theshiftingofgearreferstothechangeintheinstructorsmannerofdealingwithhisstudents.Whendrinkingwiththestudentsinthepub,hewaseasy-goingandfriendly;butintheclassroo