如何运用代词解答英语阅读题学案

1、.语篇分析根底知识一、 篇章衔接手段1. 指称reference, 分为：人称指称、指示指称、比较指称1 Three blind mice, three blind mice.See how they run! See how they run! “They refers to _. 2 Doctor Forster went to Gloucester in a shower of rain.He stepped in a puddle right up to his middle and never went there again.“He refers to _.3 There were

2、 two wrens upon a tree. Another came, and there were three.“Another refers to _.4 My wife and I are leaving for Beijing next Monday. We have booked the tickets already.“We refers to _.5 The naughty boy threw all his toys around. “Pick these up! Miss Green demanded.6 Whats that? Its a book. 7 Its the

3、 same cat as the one we saw yesterday.Did we see this cat yesterday?8 Its a similar cat to the one we saw yesterday.Are they the same cats or not?9 Its a different cat from the one we saw yesterday.Yesterday we saw a cat. But this one is _the same one, another. Conclusion 1: English sentences are co

4、nnected with each other by _, _ and _. 2. 替代substitution- Did Susan take that course?- She might have done.We use “done to substitute _.- Do you think he is the person to believe in?- Yes, I think so. Conclusion 2: We use substitution to avoid _ and make the sentence more cohesive.3. 省略ellipsis- Her

5、e are some reference books. How many would you like to have?- Id like to have three. Id like to have three _. We delete some words to make the sentence more _. 4. 连接conjunction增补型Additive, 转折型adversative, 因果型causal, 时间型temporal并列、列举、条件、让步Ø Cars are very dangerous machines. And they are expensiv

6、e._Ø Vegetable oil is digestible and mineral oil is not._Ø Parents have to do much less for their children today than they used to, and home is become much less of a workshop._Ø 'You said you'd stay till tomorrow.' 'I know, Bel, but I think I would rather go back.'

7、 _Ø In production, we demand not only quantity but also quality. _Ø First, it keeps you awake. In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing

8、 helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed. Let me develop these three points. _Ø If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. _Ø Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, “Gone with the wind, doesnt require th

9、e most active kind of reading. _Ø Even if you wrote on a scratch pad, and threw the paper away when you had finished writing, your grasp of the book would be sure. _5. 词汇衔接lexical cohesionØ 重现：原词重复 Repetition，同义、近义词synonym or near-synonym, 上下义关系hyponymyØ 同现: 固定搭配collocation，语义场 同一话题场景

10、 词汇-形成词汇链lexical chain1) Coins can be made of different kinds of metal mixed together. The earliest coins in the west made of gold with silver. The new Chinese panda coin is made of 99.99% gold. 2) A great number of high school graduates continue their education in one of any colleges or universitie

11、s in the country. After four years they receive a bachelors degree. Some continue studying for a masters degree and perhaps a doctors degree. 二、衔接与连接的关系1. 衔接coherence2. 连接 cohesionCohesion emphasizes the form while coherence emphasizes the meaning.Eg: John is still a bachelor now. He is going to get

12、 married next week.John is still a bachelor now. He is happy and gay.John is still a bachelor now. He is going to get a divorce next week. - Theres the doorbell. - Im in the bathroom.- What do you think of the play? - Its a nice theatre. 篇章策略1.1什么是篇章策略?Ø 篇章策略: 作者根据篇章的目的或功能而采用的谋篇布局的方法。Ø 篇章策

13、略包括体裁genre、篇章类型 text type、篇章形式 textual patter、篇章策略连续体等 text strategic continuity 的采用。Ø 在篇章阅读过程中对其篇章策略进展提炼不但能使读者逐步建立某一体裁的篇章策略图式,即形式图式,从而帮助读者借助作者的这一图式,宏观、高效、准确地对篇章进展解码;也会为读者在构建某一体裁的篇章时提供可资借鉴的篇章组织的模版,从而使得读、写过程互促互动形成两种才能同步进步的良性循环。1.2 篇章策略的类型1.2.1体裁和类型根据 Fowler1970所述:体裁genre与篇章的交际目的有关,如小说、演讲、指南手册、儿歌

14、、商业信函等均属不同体裁;篇章类型与篇章的内容或形式有关,可分为说明类expository、描写类descriptive、表达类narrative、论辩类argumentative、 评价类 evaluative、说理类 persuasive、指导类 instructive、程序类 procedural等篇章。二者联络严密,某种体裁的篇章往往具有某几种典型的篇章类型:一般来说, 小说是描写或叙事性的;说明书属说明、指导、程序类篇章;演讲为说理类成论辩类型的篇章;书评具有描写、叙事和评价性,但以评价性为主。1.2.2篇章形式篇章形式是由篇章类型决定的,是对篇章进展分类的又一种方法。作为组篇的根本

15、要素,篇章类型对篇章表层构造的形成具有制约作用,篇章形式就是这种制约的结果。篇章形式主要包括:1 问题- 解决形式problem solution pattern 2 提问 答复形式question answer pattern 3主张-反主张形式claimcounterclaim pattern4叙事形式narrative pattern5概括-详细形式generalspecific pattern 1.3篇章策略连续体是作者根据交际目的,以获取最大限度有利于篇章承受者的篇章组织形式为目的,做出主位 theme或主题 lope一致性篇章建构的定位或 倾向。连续体通过语言特征在篇章表层展现出来,它作为主位性篇章连接