大体积混凝土施工技术研究

1、In or dertoe nsur enormalteachi ng or der, prote ctingst udents 'he althygrowt h,ensuri ng that national (property) isnot lost, to prevent orminimizet he occurrenceofsafetyaccidents,followt he"prevent,re scueea ch other, ensuresafety andre duce losses" pri nci ple,a ccordi ngtothe loca

2、l conditions,maket he manageme nt system.1,t heprinci palis t he responsi bilityofschool safety,schoolsecurityunder theleadershipofPre side ntse curityw orkleadi nggroup.T he headtea chert othe lea dership team isre sponsiblefor,impl ementation oftheaccountability sy st em.2, schoolm onthly studentk

3、nowle dgeabout safetyeducation,educationshould be diversifiedi nthe formevery safety education forstudents ofclasses perweek shoul d betargeted.T o carryonemerge ncyissue s deali ngwith education in General,self -help andmutualre scue knowle dge.Emergency call s(such as 110,119,122,120, and so on) u

4、se common sense in education.3,t heesta blishmentofmajor accidentreportingsystem.Schoolst udentsre port major accide ntwithi n an hourofeducation;studentr unand disa ppeara nce s toreport; re portofthe accide nttoa written re porti ntripli cate,acorrecti onal centre, a policestati on,at ownshi ppeop

5、l e's Government shall not concealt heaccident.4 w eek,teachersare on dutysy stem,establi sha nd impr ovethe lea dershipval ues; strengthent heeducati on,ma nagement ofteachi ngactivitie s in school s to e nsure normaltea chi ngor der; respo nsbileforschool safety leadership always maintaine dcl

6、 ose contact a nd di strictpoli ce stations, canvassingsupportfromthepolice stati ononschool safety and help. 5,stre ngtheni ng tea chers 'm oraleducation,establish ade dicate dlove,im proving e ducation quality, observe the students 'psychologi cal changes at anytime a ndtake preve ntivemea

7、sures, no corporal puni shmenta nd covert corporalpuni shment on students,st udent outofthe classr oom,school s maynot be. 6, uni tsor de partments use st udent St reet propaganda orpartici pate inthecele brations,a swellas partici patingi nother socialw ork,withouta pproval oftheCorrecti onal Centr

8、e . I > I 一I _II . .1 1 一 I . I >I _ _ _. I_ _ 一 L . _l . L _ II. . 1. - I - I - . - L . I - I. .1 . - . . 一 一一 一一 一 . I L n _ I. .IL -I. .11 一 .1-1 L , , II. . I . I_ _L I_ I d_ L I I -II. . . I . 一 - - . I > -. IL . Ill.> .1 . LI I- LI- - I- - - - I - . I 一 一 一 - L - -I- - - I- 1>&g

9、t; _ .1 - .Ld_ LI> L _-. - . >1一.11_11 I一一.一- . .L I- - -一 . IL . L . -I - I L I L 一_ I . | L -.一.一. 一一.一school principal s conse nt,withoutpropertysafetyofteachers aorganizatin. Wit hout thea pproval ofrelevantdeday-to-daymanagpartments,mayorganize st udentstoparti cipatei nfirefighting, diem

10、ent,is developingthe followisasterreliefand so on.7,schoolsshoul d educatest ude ntstoobeytheholeschool.Accordi ngtothe re quireme nts oftheFirschoolrule s and reg ulations, on time, on time home to preveServicesAct,sothateveryone haentaccidents.sofkeepi ng fire controlsaf8,schooltoschool inspection

11、sety,prote cting fire controlfacilitieona reg ularbasis,founds,fire preventihidden i ntime,and inon, re ports offiresevere ca ses,it is hard to e liminateimmediatelyclosed,a nd reported tothe localpeople'sGovernment,education,a nd r uleoflawsection. 9,t heschoolshould alwayscheckt he inter nalwa

12、lls,retainingwal ls,ponds,railings, handrails, doors,Windows,stairca sesa nd avarietyofsports,extracurriculara ctivities, facilities such as firesafety, infrastructurend demoliti ontoe nsurethatteachers and st udentsw ork, learn,live venuesand facilitiesaresafeand reliable. SongLin Xia ng LiuJia pin

13、g el ementaryschool March 2016songLin Xiang Liu Jia pi ng primary schoolfiresafetysystemstoenhance firesafety, protection of public propertyact thesafetyofstudents.4,every大体积混凝土施工技术研究前言伴随着经济的发展与科学技术的进步，建筑物的高度越来越高，规模越来越大，大体积混凝土的应用越来越普遍。如何在施工过程中采取有效措施保证大体积混凝土的质量显得尤为重要。大体积混凝土由于截面大、水泥用量大、内外温差大、温度收缩应力很容易

14、导致钢筋混凝土产生裂缝。这种裂缝有表面裂缝和贯通裂缝两种，在不同程度上都属有害裂缝，因此要保证大体积混凝土的质量。对大体积混凝土施工技术进行研究是十分必要的。1. 大体积混凝土施工中的温控措施1.1 通过降低水泥水化热，控制总温升混凝土的绝热温升是引起温度应力的主要原因，控制绝热温升便能降低内外温差，主要措施有：（ 1 ）减少水泥用量，掺加粉煤灰。（ 2）减少拌合水，掺加减水剂。（ 3）选用水化热较低的水泥，如矿渣水泥。（ 4）在夏季环境温度较高时，降低拌合水的温度，如采用深井水等。1.2 通过其它措施，降低总温升。（ 1 ）在混凝土浇筑前预埋钢管，混凝土浇筑成型后，通过循环的冷水进行降温。（

15、 2）混凝土浇筑过程中，分层浇筑。（ 3）采取保温措施，使混凝土的表面温度的降低速度减慢，主要措施有覆盖防水草帘被和蓄水养护等。2. 混凝土的配合比设计混凝土配合比设计是否合适，对大体积混凝土施工是至关重要的，有效降低大体积混凝土水化热是问题的关键。2.1 水泥用量的确定减少水泥用量对水化热的降低具有重要作用，首先征得设计同意，混凝土按照为60 天抗压强度进行试配，通过几十组试配，最终来确定水泥用量。根据施工拟采取的防裂措施和现有的施工条件，先计算混凝土的水泥水化热绝热最高温差值，然后通过计算，估量可能产生的最大温度收缩应力，如不超过混凝土的抗拉强度，则表示所采取的防裂措施能有效控制，预防裂缝

16、的出现；如超过混凝土的抗拉强度，则可采取调整混凝土的入模温度、降低水化热的温升值、降低混凝土内外温差、改善施工操作工艺和混凝土拌合物的性能、提高抗拉强度或改善约束等措施重新计算，直至计算的应力在允许的范围。2.2 掺合料大量掺加1 级粉煤灰，节约水泥用量，同时增加混凝土的可塑性。2.3 外加剂掺加复合型膨胀剂，补偿收缩。2.4 砂骨料ers personaland foods shoul d be closelymonitored.2,schoolwd by exampl e, andeducatefamiliesa nd children readytofire.11,householdns

17、uresecurity.12, dini ng room must bequalified,andannualtesting of pressureve ssels,toregularlycheck,theca nteen workers must be certified,strictlybyoperationoperation,gas tank ai ng fire safetyregulations, wbepunished,until investigatedforlegal responsibilit y.Song Lii angLiu Jia pi ngeleme ntarysch

18、oolMarch2016 Xiang Li uJiapi ng elementaryremind student s,payattentiontotrafficsafety.5,should educate studentst o respect socialet hics,andvariousregulations, maintaini ng publi corder,a nd fightthe badguy s,and graspt hecorrectways a nd mea ns ofmaintai ningand improvi ng student s 'self -car

19、e abilit y.6,theestabli shment ofemergencyrescue teamsofteachers i nschools,on high alert a nd depl oyed.Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia pi ngelementary school March 2016songLin Xia ng LiuJia ping primary schoolteachers andstudentsorganizati ons outbe carrie d outi nadva nce. 4,activitiesfort he means oftran

20、sportshoul dexplai nthe situationtothe schoolto complywith vehicl e,safetyrequireme nts, before theli nefor repairs. 5,each activity must have se curity,emergency responseplan for acci de nts.6, picnics,hiki ng,picni ctopayattenti ontofireprevention, food poisoning,prevention offallaccidents7,t he a

21、ctivitie s neartherivers, reservoirs,nomeasures or do notmeetthese curity re quireme ntsofthe Organization andnotletstudents into thewaterofsafety managementsystem organibetwee, harassmentofstuquir eappr ovalbythe DeputyDirectdents a nd avariety ofacci dents,a ccordi ngtodifferentsituations reported

22、 schoolofficialorofthe Educati on Bureau in charge ofsecurity.2, each activityshouldhave as orthe poli cestati on in atimelymanner, to protespe cificresponsi bility,pay attentiontothepersonsage,phy sical match.Route 3, activities,lday before school,teaocati on,fiel dsurvey sshoulIenduocratdioenr;tos

23、teudenntsrurenorumnaalntdeacdihsia npgpeoarra ndcere,school principal s conse nt,without organizatienhance firesafety, pr otection of publi c propertya ndthelifeand propertysafetyofteachers and st ude nts,schoolfiresafetyintoday-to-daymanag ement,is developingthe followihole school.Accordi ngtothe r

24、e quireme nts oftheFir eServicesA ct,sothateveryone ha sofkeepi ng fire controlsafety,protecting fire controlfacilitie s,fire preventi on, re ports offireshallnoowttcohnece"palrtevent,rheeaccidescntu.e4eawcheeokt,hteera,cehnesrsuraeresafetyaonndrdeutysystedmu,ceesltoasbsleis"prsihancindpil

25、me,parccoovrdeithen lgetaotdheerlsohciapl vcaolnditi ues;stroennsg,thmeanktethheeemdauncaagtiemoen,mantsynsatgeemm.e1,nttofhteeapcrhiincipnaglaiscttivitieheress ipnosncshioolbilsitytoofeschonolsurenosramfaetlyt,esachooclhsieshoul d educatest ude ntstoobeythe schoolrule s and reg ulations, on time, o

26、n time home to preventac cidents. 8,schooltoschool inspectionsona reg ularbasis,found hidden i ntime,and in severe ca ses, itisschool safpetoyf lPeraederssihdiepalnwtasyecurityworks lmeaaidnitainngegrodupc.lTosehechoenatadctteaanddichsetrritctpootliheleacestdaetirosnhsip,teamciasnrveassingssuppopnos

27、ritblfreofmor,thiemplemenptoaltiicoensotfattiheaononschococlountabsialifteytysyandstemh.e2l,p.sc5h,sotorlemngthoenntihlyngtestaudencthkenrosw'lmeoraldedgeucaabtoiount,estaediately close d,a nd reported tot he localpeople'sGovernment,educati on,a nd r uleoflawse ction.9,t heschoolshould alway

28、scheckt he inter nalwalls,retai ningwal ls,ponds,ra ilings, handrails, doors,Windows,staircatedcuocraptioornalinpuniGenesrhaml,esnetlf-helponstudenatsn,dsmtutuuadlernetosuctuoeftkhneowlecladsgser.oEomme,rsgcehnocoylcalls maynost(suchbea.s61,10,unit1s19o,r 1d2e2,p1a2rt0m, entsandussoe sotn)uusdeecnot

29、mStmreoentpropagasnednas砂采用细度模数为 2.53中砂，平均粒径大于 0.5mm,通过0.315mm筛孔的砂不少于15%含泥量不大于3%，同时具有良好的级配。3. 混凝土的二次振捣3.1 二次振捣的优点现场试验证明，对浇筑后未初凝的混凝土进行二次振捣，能排除混凝土因泌水在粗集料、水平钢筋下部生成的水分和空隙，提高混凝土与钢筋之间的握裹力，防止因混凝土沉落而出现的裂缝，减小混凝土内部微裂，增加混凝土的密实度，使混凝土的抗压强度提高 10%20% ,从而可提高混凝土的抗裂性。3.2 二次振捣的时间及方法高频振动棒要垂直插入，快插慢拔，插点交错均匀布置，在振动上一层混凝土时，

30、要在下层混凝土初凝前进行，且应插入下一层50mm，以消除两层间的接缝，震动器在每一插点的振动延续时间，以混凝土上表面水平并出现水泥浆及不再出现气泡、不再明显沉落为度，混凝土不易振实，振捣时间过长，会引起离析。在混凝土浇筑45min 后进行二次振捣。4. 混凝土的浇筑与养护4.1 泌水现象的处理在大体积混凝土浇筑过程中，混凝土表面泌水现象普遍存在，为保证混凝土的浇筑质量，要及时清除混凝土表面泌水。因为泵送混凝土的水灰比通常比较大，泌水现象也比较严重，若不及时清除泌水，会降低结构的混凝土质量。4.2 保温养护措施的要求每次混凝土浇筑完毕，应及时按温控措施的要求进行保温养护，并应符合以下规定：保温养

31、护措施应能使混凝土浇筑块体的内外温度及降温速度满足温控指标的要求；保温养护的持续时间应根据温度应力(包括混凝土收缩产生的温度应力)来确定，但养护时间不小于15 d ，保温覆盖层的拆除应分层逐步进行；在保温养护过程中应保证混凝土表面的湿润。保温养护是大体积混凝土施工的关键环节，其目的主要是降低大体积混凝土浇筑块体的内外温差，以降低混凝土块体的温度应力；其次是降低大体积混凝土浇筑块体的降温速度，充分利用混凝土的抗拉强度，以提高混凝土块体承受温度应力时的抗裂能力，达到防止或控制温度裂缝的目的。施工人员应根据事先确定的温控指标的要求，来确定大体积混凝土浇筑后的养护措施。5. 混凝土的温度监测5.1 混

32、凝土的温度监测管理混凝土温度的监测主要是指混凝土的出罐温度、入模温度、混凝土内部温度的监测，为检查混凝土块体温度是否满足温控标准，温控措施是否有效，就必须进行温度临测与管理，并做详细记录，实行情报信息化施工。温度监测就是在混凝土中埋入一定量的测温仪器，测量混凝土不同部位温度变化过程，检验不同时期的温度特性。5.2 混凝土的温度监测方法混凝土在浇筑过程中每隔4 小时测量一次原材料温度，每隔 2 小时测量一次出罐温度和入模温度， 控制其入模温度不超过16 。 混凝土内部温度的监测，我们主要是根据根据基础底板的形状、尺寸和标高在施工段布置测温点，每个点均预埋钢管至基础底部和中部，分别监测记录混凝土底

33、、中、面部温度。测温从混凝土浇筑 4小时后开始，其时间间隔为前 4日2小时一次，第58日4lectricityli nes,e qui pment inspe ctions,found hidden i ntimeforrectification,maintenance,andsecurit y.9, donot usean ope nflame inthe classroom,pr ohi bit burni ngstove, litca ndles,mosquito repellent,nosm oking,a nd banning messyw iring. Without usi ng

34、 anyhouseholda pplia nce is notal lowed. 10, live on campus faculty members,must lead byexample, andeducatefamilies a nd chil dren readyt ofire. 11,hou sehold use of gas i nschools,tomaster properusage , pay attentionto thele ak-pr oof,explosion-proof,fireproof,closingvalveafteruse to e nsur e secur

35、ity. 12,di ning r oom must be qualifie d,andannualtesti ngofpressurevessels,t oregularlyche ck,the cantee nworkers must be certified,strictlyby operation operati on, gas ta nkand stove safetydista nce of 1.5 meters,to preventaccidents.13,theadverseconsequences caused by ignori ng firesafety regulati

36、ons,willbepunished,untilinvestigate d for legal responsibilit y.Song Li nXia ng Li uJia pingel ementary schoolMarch2016 Xia ng Li u Jiaping elementary school, pine slo pes surroundi ngsafetymanagementsystem 1 teachersand students,thesurroundingareaoftheschoolgovernance cover spersonal a nd foodhygi

37、ene, culturaleventsa nd ot heraspect s,integratedgover nanceshallobtain wi de supportand fullcooperationofthe community.On the surrounding e nvironme ntin school s shoul d be closelymonitored.2,schoolwork at thesame time,should payattentionto t hesafetymanagement of schoole nvironment,should takethe

38、 initiative toconta ct thedi strictpolice station,t hevillage Committee,Corr ectionalCentre,Townshi p governme nt, busi ness ma nagement andother departme nts to doa good jobmanagement.3,teacherondutywiththeexceptionofinspections i n schools,should al so payattention t oenvironmental i nspecti ons n

39、earthe campus, foundthatthejoblessmigrants fromruralareas,for example,harassmentofstudentsa nda varietyof acci dents,a ccordi ngtodifferentsituati ons reported schoolofficialsorthe policestationin atimely manner,toprotectthesafetyofstudent s.4, every day beforeschool,tea chersremind student s,payatt

40、entiontotrafficsafety.5,should educate studentst o respe ctsocialet hics,andvariousregulations,maintaini ng public orde r,and fight theba d guys,andgra sp the corre ct waysand meansofmaintainingand improving students'self-care ability.6, theestablishmentofemergencyrescueteamsofteachers i nschool

41、s, on high alert a nddepl oyed.Song Li nXiang Li uJiapi ngelementary schoolMarch 2016song Lin Xiang LiuJiapi ng primaryschoolteachersand st udentsorga nizations outofsafety management systemorganizati on activities betw een tea chers a nd students,todrawup apreciseplanand se curity measures must be

42、sig ned byt heschoolofficial s to reviewtheprogrammeofactivitiesagreed upon Correcti onal Center agree dto impleme nt.Organi zation to thefield relativelyfaroractivities requirea pproval bythe De putyDire ctorofthe E ducationBureau in chargeof security.2,e ach a ctivityshoul d have a specificrespons

43、i bility, payatt entiontothe personsage, physi calmatch. Route3,a ctivities,l ocation,field surveys should9be carrie d outi nadva nce. 4,activitiesfort he means oftransportshoul dexplai nthe situationtothe schoolto complywith vehicl e,safetyrequirements, before thelinefor repairs.5,each activity mus

44、thave se curity,emergency responseplan for acci de nts.6, picnics,hiking,picni ctopayattentiontofireprevention, food poisoning,prevention offallaccidents7,the activities neartherivers, reservoirs,nomeasures ordo notmeetthesecurity re quireme ntsoftheOrganization andnotletstudents into thewaterIenduo

45、cratdioenr;tosteudenntsrurenorumnaalntdeacdihsia npgpeoarra ndcere,school principal s conse nt,without organizatienhance firesafety, pr otection of publi c propertya ndthelifeand propertysafetyofteachers and st ude nts,schoolfiresafetyintoday-to-daymanag ement,is developingthe followihole school.Acc

46、ordi ngtothe re quireme nts oftheFir eServicesA ct,sothateveryone ha sofkeepi ng fire controlsafety,protecting fire controlfacilitie s,fire preventi on, re ports offireshallonowttcohnece"palretvent,rheeaccidsecntu.e4eawcheeokt,hteera,cehnerssuarreesafetyoannddruetysystedumc,eeslotasbsleis"

47、prsihancindpilme,parccoovrdeithen lgetaothdeerlsohciapl vcaolnditi ues;stroennsg,thmeanktethheeemdauncaagtiemoen,mantsynsatgeemm.e1,nttofhteeapcrhiincinpgalaisctivitieherespsoinnssichoolbilsitytoofeschonolsurenosramfeatlyt,esachooclhsiencugroitryunddeerr;trheespleoandseirshibleforschool safpetshoul

48、d educatest ude ntstoobeythe schoolrule s and reg ulations, on time, on time home to pr ev entaccidents. 8,schooltoschool inspectionsona reg ularbasis,found hidden i ntime,and in severe ca ses, itis hard to e liminateimmediatelyclosecuritywd,a nd reported tothe localpeople'sGovernmilings, handra

49、ils, doors,s, extracurri culartytoimmediatelyrepairaenhance firesafety, protection of public propertyand demoliti ontoend st udentsw ork, learn,liWindows,stairca sesa nd avarietyofsportnd小时，第9 日起 12 小时，持续到14 天，当温控措施效果不佳，达不到温控标准时，可及时采取补救措施。5.3 混凝土的温度监测的控制措施结合水化热预测计算及温度测试记录，当内外温度大于25 时， 必须采取措施加以控制：如果混

50、凝土体积大而表面积较小时，宜在内部预埋管道，通过循环水来散发混凝土内部的热量；夏季施工时，应采取冰水或冷水拌制混凝土。以降低混凝土的人模温度；冬季施工时，应采取草苫覆盖或采用双覆塑苯板覆盖，以减少表面热量的散发；如果采用醇胎膜，在混凝土浇筑前，胎模采用素土虚填，既可起到保温作用。又可抵消来自混凝土对砖胎模产生的侧压力。不致胀模6. 后浇带的留置与处理6.1 后浇带的留置优点大体积混凝土施工中，合理分缝分块，不仅可以减轻约束作用，缩小约束范围；同时也可利用浇筑块的层面进行散热，降低混凝土内部的温度。另外，尚可满足绑扎钢筋、预埋螺栓等工序的操作需要，但接缝的处理必须满足防止渗漏水的要求。6.2 后

51、浇带的留置要求与处理方法后浇带的设置和处理如设计无规定时，其间距一般为20 m30 m,缝宽1 m,可在后浇带形成40 d 后封闭，冬期可适当延长。封闭前，应仔细凿毛，并将钢筋按设计要求连接好，再用补偿收缩混凝土（ 亦可在普通混凝土中掺入膨胀剂） 将缝灌注密实。7. 大体积混凝土的冬期施工在工业与民用建筑钢筋混凝土结构的冬期施工中，主要是防止早期混凝土被冻问题。而在大体积混凝土的冬期施工中，情况有所不同，除了要防止早期混凝土被冻外，还存在着控制温差、防止裂缝的问题，而且防冻与防裂之间往往还存在着矛盾。在设计和施工中，必须妥善解决这个矛盾，兼顾防冻与防裂两方面的要求。这是大体积混凝土冬期施工的主

52、要特点。混凝土冬期施工尤其是在严寒地区，无论采用何种施工方法，为了防止早期混凝土被冻，一般要求混凝土具有较高的浇筑温度。但另一方面，正是由于气候寒冷，基础温度和内外温差必然加大， 往往超过允许温差，不能满足防止混凝土裂缝的要求。因此， 在大体积混凝土冬期施工中，防冻与防裂矛盾集中反映咋混凝土浇筑温度的选择上。实践证明，如果单纯从防止混凝土早期被冻的角度出发，选择过高的浇筑温度，往往会造成混凝土开裂，导致混凝土施工的质量问题。所以，大体积混凝土的冬期施工要选择合理的浇筑温度，采取一系列的技术措施。7.1 混凝土出机温度与浇筑温度的选择混凝土的浇筑温度系指经过平仓振捣，将要盖上第2 层混凝土拌合物

53、之前的温度。为了防止早期混凝土受冻，浇筑温度当然是越高越好，规范规定的入模温度为不小于5° C ，没有上线控制。但对于大体积混凝土既有防冻要求，还有防裂要求，由于混凝土体积大，浇筑后虽然表面温度较低，单内部温度却因水化热急剧上升。为了减少内外温差和基础温度差，浇筑温度越低越有利，通常宜不大于10 ° C。因此，大体积混凝土施工的浇筑温度一般为5-10 ° C为宜。如果气温很低，在达到临界强度之前，混凝土表面有遭受冻害的可能，应加强保温措施，不可单纯为了防冻而随意提高浇筑温度，以致引起裂缝。根据当地的气候条件和保温方法，由浇筑温度、运输及浇筑过程中的热量损失，就可得

54、到混凝土的出机温度。规范规定出机温度不小于10 ° C ，一般控lectricityli nes,e qui pment inspections,foundhidden i ntimeforrectification,maintenance, a ndsecurit y.9, donot useanope nflame inthe classroom,prohi bit burni ngstove, litca ndles,mosquito repellent,nosm oking,a nd banning messywiring. Without usi ng anyhouseho

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57、linvestigated for legalresponsibilit y.Song Li nXia ng Li uJia pingel ementary schoolMarch2016 Xiang Li u Jiaping elementary school,pine slopessurroundi ngsafetymanagementsystem 1 teachersand students,thesurroundingareaoftheschoolgovernance cover spersonal a nd foodhygiene, culturaleventsand ot heraspect s,integratedgover nanceshallobtain wide supportand fullcooperationofth