高三英语复习非谓语动词

1、曹州一中高三英语复习教学案 （六）专题六 非谓语动词一 动词不定式【精华知识巨献】一、动词不定式的句法功能1不定式作主语To know something about English is one thing;to know English is quite another.注：常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在句子的后部。 It isn't easy for her to find a new job. It took me a year to save up for a new coat.2不定式作宾语不定式可作某些动词的宾语，常见的动词有：afford,agree,ask,dec

2、ide,desire,expect,fail,hope,manage,promise,pretend,plan,intend,refuse,wish等。 He failed to attract her e,get,grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地”。She has a hot temper,but you will grow to like her.介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有实义动词do,不定式就要省略to。 It has no choice but to lie down and sleep.3不定式作宾语补足语某些动词如tell

3、,want,wish,advise,other,get,require,expect,remind,persuade, encourage,convince,force,beg,allow,forbid等后可接不定式作宾语补足语。 My doctor advised me to take a rest.某些感官动词如feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe等或使役动词如have,let,make 等后面可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。但如果句子变成被动语态时，就必须带不定式符号to。Did you notice anyone go into the house?

4、Was anyone noticed to go into the house？某些动词如find,feel,think,expect,consider,make等后可接不定式作宾语，但宾语后要接形容词或名词作宾语补足语，而且要用it作形式宾语。 He found it difficult to work out the problem.be supposed/expected/believed/said/reported to等已是固定结构。 Teachers are supposed to treat all the students alike.4不定式作定语不定式作定语时常用主动形式表

5、达被动意思。Do you have anything to take home？不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作，但修饰有序数词或形容词最高级限定的名词时，则表示已完成的动作。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.5不定式作状语作目的状语，还可用短语in order to或so as to。 He sat down to have a rest.作结果状语，表示意想不到的结果，还可用only to。 He left,never to return. He lifted a stone only to

6、drop it on his own feet.不定式可用在下列句子中表示结果： adj./adv.+enough+to do. too+adj./adv.to do. so+adj./adv.+as to do. He was so careless as to forget to lock the door.不定式可作评注性状语，用以修饰整个句子。T o be honest,I know nothing about it.6不定式作表语 The first step is to check the victim's breath. All I did was(to)press th

7、e button.7“疑问词+不定式”在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语。 When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet. I didn't know whether to laugh or cry about it.注：此时不可用if to do结构。二、不定式的时态和语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式to doto be done进行时to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done1不定式的时态一般式表示将要发生的动作或表示一种状态。 What I want you to do is to he

8、lp Mary with her homework. He pretended to be asleep when his mother came in.进行时表示不定式动作仍在进行之中。 He is said to be writing a new book. It happened to be raining hard when the accident occurred.完成式表示不定式动作已完成或发生在句子的谓语动词之前。 She seemed to have forgotten the whole thing. He is generally considered to have i

9、nvented the telephone.2不定式的语态当不定式与自己的逻辑主语之间是主动关系时，用主动语态；如果是被动关系则用被动语态。 He refused to go abroad. He refused to be taken abroad.注：有时要用主动形式表达被动意义：不定式放在形容词之后时。 This book is difficult to understand.个别动词用在“be+不定式”表将来或应该时。 I think he is to blame. 我认为他应该受到责备。三、不定式的省略问题为了避免重复，不定式可用省略形式，但要保留不定式符号to。如果不定式中含有be

10、,have,have been时，这些词也可保留。I haven't been to Hong Kong,but I wish to.“I didn't tell him the news.”“Oh,you ought to have.”二 动名词【精华知识巨献】一、动名词的功能1动名词作主语 Findind work is difficult these days.注：有时用it作形式主语，而把动词的ing形式放在句子的后部。 It is no use crying over spilt milk.2动名词作宾语下列动词后只能接动名词作宾语，不可接不定式作宾语： admit,

11、appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish, imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。 I admit breaking the window. She just missed burning her hand.下列短语后要接动名词作宾语：burst out,can't stand,end up,give up,feel like,keep on,insist on,look forward to,put off,devote.to

12、,object to,be busy(in),get down to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),have fun等。 He has given up smoking. He didn't want to end up going home alone.下列动词或短语后接不定式和动名词作宾语时，意义上有所不同。 forget to do sth.忘记去做某事 forget doing sth.忘记已经做过某事 remember to do sth.记住去做某事 remember doin

13、t sth.记得曾经做过某事 regret to do sth.很遗憾要去做某事 regret doing sth.后悔做过某事 stop to do sth.停下来接着做另一件事 stop doing sth.停止做一件事 try to do sth.努力/试图做某事 try doing sth.尝试着做某事 mean to do sth.意欲/想/企图做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事 can't help to do sth.不能帮助做某事 can't help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事 be used to do sth.被用来做某事 be

14、used to doing sth.习惯于做某事 Remember to post the letter for me on your way to school. 请你在上学的路上记住替我把这封信寄出去。 I remember turning off the light before I left the office. 我记得在离开办公室前关上了灯。动词like,love,prefer,hate,continue等后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。但如表示经常性的动作要用动名词，如表示具体的行为要用不定式。 I like swimming,but I don't like to swi

15、m this afternoon.注：在prefer.to.结构中用动名词，而在prefer.rather than.结构中则用不定式。 I prefer walking there to taking a bus. I prefer to walk there rather than take a bus.动词allow，advise，forbid,permit等后接动名词作宾语，但要接不定式作宾语补足语。 We don't allow smoking here. We don't allow students to smoke.动词need,require,want作“需要

16、”解时，其后要用动名词的主动语态或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此相同用法的动词还有deserve“值得”。 The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.形容词worth后要接动名词的主动语态表达被动意义，它不同于worthy的用法。 The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of being visited/to be visited.介词后要接动名词作宾语。 Upon arriving at the airport,he delivered an important speech.3动名词作表语 My

17、hobby is growing flowers.4动名词作定语 He had a very expensive walking stick.二、动名词的时态和语态主动语态doing被动语态一般式being done完成时having donehaving been done He went away without saying anything. He narrowly escaped being drowned. I'm sorry for having wasted so much of your time. I forgot having been given a Chris

18、tmas gift years ago.三、动名词的复合结构 动名词之前有时要加上自己的逻辑主语构成复合结构，逻辑主语可用名词的所有格或形容词物主代词，有时也可用名词或宾格代词。 I can't imagine George sailing across the ocean in a boat. My coming back home late made my mother very angry.三 分词【精华知识巨献】一、现以分词的功能1现在分词作宾语补足语 下列动词后可接现在分词作宾补：see,hear,notice,observe,watch,listen to,look at,

19、have,keep,leave,find,catch,feel,send等。 She kept me waiting for over 20 minutes.2现在分词作表语 This experience is thrilling.3现在分词作定语现在分词作定语时，通常表示与先行词之间是主动关系。 Do you know the man talking to Tom? The road joining the villages is very narrow.注：being done形式表示正在进行中的动作，且与先行词之间是被动关系。 The house being built will se

20、rve as a library.4现在分词作状语现在分词作状语时，可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。此时，现在分词的逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，而且现在分词与句子的主语之间一般具有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。 She got home,feeling very tired. Jack came running over.注：如果现在分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，就要用分词的独立主格结构。 Weather permitting,we'll play golf this afternoon. We explored the cave,Peter acting as a

21、 guide.现在分词还可作评注性状语，表示说话人的态度，此时现在分词与句子的主语无关。常见的说法有：generally speaking“一般来说”；frankly speaking“坦白地说”；judging from.“根据来判断”；considering.“考虑到”等。 Women,generally speaking,live longer than men. Judging from his accent,he is Canadian.二、现在分词的时态和语态主动语态doing被动语态一般式being done完成时having donehaving been done Not k

22、nowing her address,I wasn't able to connect her. I saw him being taken away when I passed by his house. Having bought our tickets,we went into the theatre. Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.三、过去分词 过去分词一般在句中作宾补、表语、定语和状语，通常表示已完成的被动动作或一种状态。 You'd better have the tel

23、evision repaired. He got bored with the director's long speech. He didn't notice the surprised look on her face. Given a chance,I can surprise the world.四 独立主格结构【精华知识巨献】一、独立主格结构的构成独立主格结构的构成方式为：名词普通格式或代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语等。二、独立主格结构的特点1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词

24、、不定式、介词等是主谓关系。3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。4使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。（1）名词（或代词）+现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如： The man lay there,his hands trembling. 有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如： The weather(being)fine,we decided to go on an outing.（2）名词（或代词）+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如： The girls lay on her bac

25、k,her hands crossed under her head.（3）名词（或代词）+形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态等。如： The floor wet,we had to stay outside for a while.（4）名词（或代词）+副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。如： The meeting over,we all went home.（5）名词（或代语）+介词短语 The teacher came in,a book in his hand.（6）名词（或代词）+不定式（短语） 不定式表示将来的动作。如：

26、 He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.（7）有时独立主格结构中名词前的定语可以省略。如： The boy sat quietly in the office,(his)eyes closed/(a)book in(his)hand.三、独立主格结构的作用1作状语（1）表示时间Her homework done(=After her homework was done),Mary decided to go shopping.（2）表示原因There being no buses(=Because there were

27、 no buses),we had to walk home.（3）表示条件Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we'll go to play basketball.（4）表示方式或伴随He sat at the table,head down.2作同位语Many people joined in the work,some of them women and children.3作定语Close to the bank,we saw deep pools,the water blue like the sky.四、with的复合结构作独立

28、主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。其结构为:with+名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。如：He stood there,his hand raised.=He stood there,with his hand raised.他站在那里，举着手。五 疑难、易错点【精华知识巨献】疑难点清单一、不定式的主动和被动1不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如： Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon?(A knife cuts the watermelon.)2

29、不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。如： She has a sister to look after.（She looks after her sister.）3不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb.。如： This book is difficult to understand. This kind of fish is nice to eat.4在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式

30、；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。如： There is a lot of work to do.(Someone has to do the work.) There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.)二、不定式符号to的保留问题有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词之后：expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try;或出现在be glad/happy,would like/love等的后面。如果在省略的不定式结构

31、中含有be,have,have been,这些词要保留。如： I haven't been to Hong Kong,but I wish to. Are you on holiday?No,but I'd like to be. I didn't tell him the news.Oh,you ought to have.三、非谓语动词常考的其他结构1疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如： When to start has not be

32、en decided. 何时动身尚未决定。（主语） I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。（宾语） The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困难在于如何过河。（表语） I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告诉你在哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）注意： （1）有时疑问词前可用介词。如： I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。 （2）动词know后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如how,what）+不定式。2介词exc

33、ept和but作“只有，只能”讲时后跟不定式结构（but可以与不带to的不定式连用）。 When the streets are full of melting snow,you cannot help but get your shoes wet. 当街上满是正在融化的雪时，你只能让你的鞋子弄湿了。3不带to的不定式（1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有： feel觉得observe注意到，看到 overhear听到watch注视 listen to听perceive察觉，感知notice注意see看见 look at看hear听 On seeing the young ch

34、ild fall into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went to rescue him. 一看到那孩子掉进湖里，Eric一跃而起，开始施救。（2）另一类是某些使役动词，如make,let,have等。如： Let him do it.让他做吧。 I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。注意：1上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时其后的不定式一般需带to。如： He was seen to come.有人看到他来了。 This boy was made to go to bed early.

35、这个男孩被要求早点睡觉。2在动词help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，但被动结构中要加to。如： I'll help you(to)push the car.我来帮你推车。 You'll be helped to fulfil the task. 有人将帮助你完成这项任务。3 在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中用省去to的动词不定式。如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,e

36、verything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带to。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟，其他什么都没说。4不定式与动名词的复合结构（1）不定式的逻辑主语为:for+名词 （或代词宾格）+不定式。如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. 我发现他一个人干这活是不可能 的。注意：在表示某物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,ca

37、reless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,wicked,wrong等。如： It was wise of him to do that.他那样做是明智的。 It is very kine of you to help me.你帮助我太好了。 间或也可用for+there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。 It's a great pity for

38、there to be much trouble in the company. 太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。（2）动名词的复合结构为：人称代词的所有格+动名词；名词's+动名词。如：Tom insisted on my going with them. 汤姆坚持要我和他们一起去。 He dislikes his wife's working late. 他不喜欢妻子工作到很晚。四、非谓语动词中的有关句型1动名词的有关句型（1）Doing.+v.Reading is an art.阅读是一门艺术。Seeing is believing眼见为实。（2）It is+no use/

39、no good(fun,a great pleasure,a waste of time,a bore等名词)+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。 It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。 It is great fun playing football.踢足球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain. 试图解释是浪费时间。（3）It is+useless(nice,good,intersting,expensive等形容词+doing sth.) It is useless speak

40、ing.光说没用 It is nice seeing you again.真高兴又见到你了。 It is good playing chess after supper.晚饭后下棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car.开这种小车很贵。（4）There is no+doing.(there is no表“不可能”) There is no telling what he is going to do. 说出他要干什么是不可能的。 There is no saying what may happen. 说出将要发生什么是不可能的。（5）There is no u

41、se(good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用（不好） There is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。（6）have difficulty/trouble/problem+(in)doing have作“有”解时，后接情感名词（in可省略），再接动名词。这类词还有trouble,fun,a hard time,a good time。如： We had difficulty(in)carrying out the plan. 我们执行计划有困难。（7）feel like+名词（“感觉像”）/动名词（“想要”）=wou

42、ld like to+动词原形 I feel like a newborn baby.我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。 Do you feel like going to movie？你想看电影吗？（8）spend/waste time doing sth. They spent a lot of time(in)making preparations. 他们花了许多时间作准备。（9）cannot help doing sth.忍不住（做什么）I cannot help laughing,once I see John in that big shirt. 我一看到约翰穿那件大衬衫，就忍不住笑。2分词

43、句型（1） 在表示感觉和心理状态的动词see,hear,feel,smell,listen(to),notice, observe,smell,watch、这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词（人名等），也可以是代词宾格（him,us等）。如： She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising. 她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。 I watched them rehearsing the play. 我看到他们在彩排演戏。 I could feel the wind blo

44、wing on my face. 我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。（2）表示“致使”等意义的动词，如catch，find,leave,give,have,get,set后也可跟上述（1）的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。如： I caught them stealing my apples. 我抓住他们偷我的苹果。 If she catches me reading her diary,she'll be furious. 如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。 We found him waiting to receive us. 我们发现他正等着接待我们。They are going to

45、 have their house painted. 他们准备把房子装修一下。（3）go+现在分词表示“从事”之意，这时现在分词作主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动，如jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling打保龄球，shopping购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。 I'll go camping tomorrow.我明天去露营。 I'll go shopping.我要去购物。 Would you like to go skating with me？ 你想和我去溜冰吗？（4）be busy+v.ing（现在分词）忙着做 I am busy writing my thesis.我正忙着写论文。 He is busy with his work.他忙着工作。（5）What do you say to+v.ing？（怎么样？） What do you say to joining us for dinn