非限定动词与独立结构

1、指在句子中不是谓语的动词，即动词的非谓语指在句子中不是谓语的动词，即动词的非谓语形式。非限定动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可形式。非限定动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。以承担句子的任何成分。 三种形式：三种形式：不定式（不定式（the Infinitive ）Ing-分词（分词（ing - Participle）过去分词（过去分词（the Participle ）the Infinitive不定式（不定式（the Infinitive ）I. 形式形式主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to b

2、e doing完成进行式 to have been doing不定式不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，而且还保留着动词的特征，因而可以有状语修饰，如果是及物动词，还可以带宾语，从而构成不定式短语。不定式或不定式短语在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。前面可以加某些疑问代词，如what、who、which，或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成特殊的不定式短语，如 what to do next, how to get there等。 做好我们未来的规划非常重要。To make a plan for our fut

3、ure is important. /It is important to make a plan for the future. 我没想到后面还有个聚会。I didnt expect there to be a party ahead.看到妈妈回家了，他假装在做作业他别无选择，只能等待。He could do nothing but / except wait. / He had no choice but to wait.(之一: but / except前有do的某种形式）他只想洗洗手。What he wanted to do was （to） wash his hands. 现在要做的

4、就是清除这些乱七八糟的东西。The thing to do now is (to) clear up the mess. （之二：SVC句型中主语部分有do的某种形式）有有do无无to的两种情况的两种情况我有许多衣服要洗。I have many clothes to wash. (自己洗)我在洗衣服。你有衣服我要洗吗？Im washing clothes. Do you have anything to be washed. (你的衣服被我洗。)你要去北京。你有什么东西要带过去吗？You are going to Bj. Do you have anything to take?我要去北京。你

5、有什么东西要带过去吗？Im going to Bj. Do you have anything to be taken?n.+不定式：主动还是被动？不定式：主动还是被动？She decided to work harder to catch up with the others. 他匆忙赶到车站，结果却发现车已经走了。He hurried to the station, only to find the train had already left.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. （不定式作结果状语：出人意料的结果）He br

6、oke the light carelessly, making it dark all around.（分词作结果状语：自然而然的结果）主动形式被动形式一般式 doing(主动或进行)being done(正在被)完成式 having done(先于谓语动作)having been done(先于谓语动作且是被动)Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Given better attention, the trees could grow better. The machine will be kept running for two day

7、s.Our views have to be made known to them all. You should keep her informed of what is going on here. I heard someone knocking at the door. (see, feel, hear, watch, notice后的宾补可以是do 表示动作的全过程； 也可是 doing，表示动作在进行。)但: 我看到小偷在偷一个女的钱包。主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneallow, permit, 动名

8、词(功能、用途)现在分词(与所修饰的名词有逻辑主谓关系)sleeping-car卧车sleeping child酣睡的孩子working method工作方法working people劳动人民singing practice歌咏练习singing girl歌女独立(主格)结构是带有自己逻辑主语的结构，功能多样，位置灵活，可位于句首、句中或句尾。独立结构行文简单明了，用词精炼，结构紧凑，常见于正式语体，特别是文学体裁，使描写生动，形象具体。I. 名词名词 / 主格结构主格结构 非限定非限定动词动词(to do / doing / done)这是前两卷，第三卷下星期出来。 Here are th

9、e first two volumes, the third one to come out next week.双方就基本原则达成了一致意见，细节问题以后拟定。 The two parties have reached an agreement on basic principle, the details to be worked out later. 他妈妈病了，他只得留在家照看她。 His mother being ill, he had to stay at home to look after her.最后一班车已经走了，他只得步行回家。 The last bus having g

10、one, he had to walk home.计划已经定出来了，重要的是付诸实践。 The plan having been made, what is important is to put it into practice.任务完成了，他休了三个月的假。 The duty completed, he had three months leave.II. 名词名词 / 主格代词主格代词 无动词分无动词分句句(adj./prep./adv./n.(phrase)她期待地看着他，眼里满是兴奋与好奇。 She looked at him expectantly, her eyes full of excitement and curiosity.老师走进教室，一手拿粉笔，一手拿书。 The teacher entered the classroom, chalk in one hand, a textbook in the other.下课了，所有学生都从教室出来了。 Class over, all the students went out from the classroom.她有三个儿子，其中两个是律师。 She has three sons, two of them lawyers.注意：以上独立结构都可