量子力学英文课件格里菲斯chapter0

1、Why should we study the Quantum Mechanics ?What is the Quantum Mechanics ?How to study Quantum Mechanics ?实验实验Comparison of Rayleigh-Jeans law with Wiens law and Plancks law, for a body of 8 mK temperature. /wiki/Rayleigh-Jeans_lawJames Hopwood Jeans, 1877-1

2、946, UKWalther Ritz, 1878-1909, SwitzerlandHe was a nuclear physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics. He pioneered the orbital theory of the atom through his discovery of Rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. wave function/ ket (vector)Schrdinger equ

3、ation/ Heisenberg equationoperator/ matrix如何正确认识如何正确认识微观粒子微观粒子或或微观世界？微观世界？ 大量的科学实验表明，大量的科学实验表明，微观粒子微观粒子表现出与表现出与经典粒子经典粒子完全不一样的特性：完全不一样的特性： （1）既具有波动性质）既具有波动性质 （2）又具有粒子性质）又具有粒子性质微观粒子微观粒子是集是集波动属性波动属性和和粒子属性粒子属性于一体的于一体的客体客体！微观粒子微观粒子的基本属性就是具有的基本属性就是具有波波-粒粒二象性！二象性！但是，但是，微观粒子微观粒子既不是既不是经典意义的波经典意义的波，也不是，也不是经典意

4、义经典意义的粒子的粒子！朝永振一郎Newtons mechanicsF = maMaxwells electrodynamicsEinsteins relativityE = mc2James Clerk Maxwell, physicist & mathematician, Scottish18311879 Isaac Newton, physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, English 1642 - 1727Albert Einstein, physicist, Germany, Switzerland

5、, US1921-1955 Quantum Theory was not created by individual, but by many guys ! Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrdinger, Max Born, John von Neumann, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli, David Hilbert, Clinton Davisson, Enrico Fermi, Julian Schwinger, Abdu

6、s Salam, Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, Richard Feynman,Part guy of Quantum Theorys pioneers RayleighThomsonRutherfordPlanckEinsteinBohrSchrdingerHesienbergBornDiracde BroglieSchwingerFeynmanDavissonFermiThe first Solvay Conference, in 1911, Brussels, Belgium Nernst Brillouin Solvay Lorentz Curie

7、 Poincar Wien Perrin Langevin Einstein Onnes Rutherford Jeans Herzen Goldschmidt Planck Rubens de Broglie 19251927年是物理学急剧变革的年代！年是物理学急剧变革的年代！1925年：7月海森伯海森伯发表创建量子力学的第一篇论文 9月玻恩、约当玻恩、约当认识到需要一种矩阵力学 11月玻恩、约当、海森伯玻恩、约当、海森伯给出矩阵力学 11月狄拉克狄拉克提出量子代数1926年：1月薛定谔薛定谔发表第一篇波动力学论文 7月玻恩玻恩发表第一篇量子力学统计解释论文 8月狄拉克狄拉克提出波函数与粒子

8、统计性质的关系1927年：3月海森伯海森伯测不准关系提出 5月泡利泡利矩阵提出 9月玻尔玻尔提出互补原理19251927年年是青年人改写了物理学的年代！是青年人改写了物理学的年代！海森伯，23岁岁，提出矩阵力学约当， 22岁岁， 建立矩阵力学泡利， 25岁岁， 提出泡利不相容原理狄拉克，22岁岁， 建立表象变换，提出狄拉克方程薛定谔，37岁岁，提出波动力学玻尔， 40岁岁，提出互补原理，领导哥本哈根学派玻恩， 45岁岁，提出统计解释，领导哥廷根学派期望同学们：培养起学习科学知识的兴趣！期望同学们：培养起学习科学知识的兴趣！ 树立起对科学探索的创新精神！树立起对科学探索的创新精神！ABwhat

9、is Newton mechanics?what is Quantum mechanics?There is no general consensus as to what its fundamental principles are, how it should be taught, or what it really “means”. (量子理论还没有公认：基本原理是什么，如何教学，或其真正量子理论还没有公认：基本原理是什么，如何教学，或其真正“意义意义”是什么。是什么。)Quantum mechanics: 1925-1927was not created-or even definit

10、ively packaged-by one individual. (量子理论的创立、甚至是明确的包装，都不是由一个人完成的量子理论的创立、甚至是明确的包装，都不是由一个人完成的)It retains to this day some of the scars of its exhilarating but traumatic youth.(量子理论至今还存在一些令人振奋的精神创伤量子理论至今还存在一些令人振奋的精神创伤 、且记忆犹新的伤处、且记忆犹新的伤处)Every competent physicist can “do” quantum mechanics. ( (每个有天赋的物理学家能

11、每个有天赋的物理学家能“做做”量子力学量子力学) ) But the stories we tell ourselves about what we are doing are as various as the tales of Scheherazade, and almost as implausible.(但我们所但我们所“做做”的和我们所讲的这些故事，就像的和我们所讲的这些故事，就像“舍赫拉查德的传说舍赫拉查德的传说”一样变化多端，一样变化多端，令人难以置信令人难以置信) One Thousand and One Nights Tales of ScheherazadeQueen Sc

12、heherazade (舍赫拉查德 ) tells her stories to King Shahryar (山鲁亚尔 ) ! Quantum mechanics: no general consensus can “do”, but cant tell what we are doing. implausibleNiels Bohr: “If you are not confused by quantum physics then you havent really understood it”.Richard Feynman: “I think I can safely say that

13、 nobody understands quantum mechanics”.Friendly advice to beginner“The purpose of this book is to teach you how to do quantum mechanics. ”David J. Griffiths, Reed CollegeEmeritus Professor of Physics“I do not believe one can intelligently discuss what quantum mechanics means until one has a firm sen

14、se of what quantum mechanics does.” 初学初学量子力学量子力学注意事项注意事项（1）保持一个开放的心态）保持一个开放的心态 勇于接受新知识和新观念勇于接受新知识和新观念（2）养成经常总结、小结、梳理已学知识的习惯；使）养成经常总结、小结、梳理已学知识的习惯；使量子力学知识具有系统性、逻辑性、条理性量子力学知识具有系统性、逻辑性、条理性（3）养成对课文中的知识（包括例题）要亲自推导、）养成对课文中的知识（包括例题）要亲自推导、演算、证明的习惯；真正理解和掌握量子力学理论、方演算、证明的习惯；真正理解和掌握量子力学理论、方法的本质法的本质（4）多做习题和练习！多看

15、不同风格的教材！多阅读）多做习题和练习！多看不同风格的教材！多阅读课外书籍！课外书籍！量子力学量子力学教材教材TEXTBOOKSDavid J. Griffiths大卫大卫. J. 格里菲思格里菲思For undergraduate studentJ. J. SakuraiJ. J. 樱井樱井For graduate studentPart I Theory Chap.1 The Wave Function Chap.2 The Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation Chap.3 Formalism Chap.4 Quantum Mechanics in

16、Three Dimensions Chap.5 Identical Particles Part II Applications Chap.6 Time-Independent Perturbation Theory Chap.7 The Variational Principle Chap.8 The WKB Approximation Chap.9 Time-Dependent Perturbaion Theory Chap.10 The Adiabatic Approximation Chap.11 Scattering Textbook 1Introduction to Quantum

17、 Mechanicsby David J. GriffithsTextbook 2Textbook 3Modern Quantum Mechanicsby J. J. Sakurai1. Fundamental Concepts2. Quantum Dynmics 3. Theory of Angular Momentum4. Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics5. Approximation Methods6. Scattering Theory7. Identical Particles目的：目的：量子力学量子力学教学模式教学模式教材：教材：方法：方法：模块一模块一

18、 模块二模块二 模块三模块三in EnglishD. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. S. M. McMurry, Quantum mechanics. P. Roman, Advanced Quantum Theory-an outline of the fundamental ideas. J. J. Sakurai, Modern quantum mechanics. R. Shankar, Principles of quantum mechanics. R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectur

19、es on Physics, Vol. 3.Cohen-Tannoudji, Quantum Mechanics, Vol. 1, 2.L. I. Schiff, Quantum mechanics. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics. R. Robinetts Quantum mechanics: classical results, modern systems and visualized examples.J. Townsend, A modern approach to quantum mechanics. D. P

20、ark, Introduction to quantum theory. P. A. M. Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. L. E. Ballentine，Quantum Mechanics: A Modern Development.T. Haar, Problems in Quantum Mechanics.周世勋：量子力学教程，高等教育出版社，1979.曾谨言：量子力学，科学出版社，1984.曾谨言，量子力学(I,II),量子力学导论，2003.钱伯初，量子力学基本原理和计算方法，甘肃人民出版社，1984.苏汝铿: 量子力学,复旦

21、大学出版社，1997.张永德：量子力学，科学出版社，2002.关 洪：量子力学基础，高等教育出版社，1999. 曾谨言、钱伯初：量子力学专题分析（上,下），1990,1999.钱伯初、曾谨言：量子力学习题精选与剖析，科学出版社，1988.哈兴林：高等量子力学，高等教育出版社，1999.倪光炯、陈苏卿：高等量子力学，复旦大学出版社，2000.刘连寿：理论物理基础教程，高等教育出版社，2003.汪德新：量子力学，科学出版社，2008.in ChineseUseful and Related Links in InternetFor even more links than you might kn

22、ow what to do with, see what G has on “quantum mechanics”. Beware, however: there is a lot of crap out there!Quantum Mechanics Simulations and Explanations. This is a really cool sight with a lot of demonstrations. (很酷，有很多演示) Quantum Mechanics Made Simple! Competition website. Pretty cute, have a look.(竞赛网站，漂亮可爱，值得一看) Quantum Mechanics Message Board - This is a message board where you can post questions and answers to the general public. You need to create an account, but its free. (在这里您可以张贴问题和答案，这是一个留言板。您需要创建一个帐户，