英语十大词性讲解

1、十大词类精讲精练复习方式：熟记各词类的总结、教师提出重难点、强化细节知识的考查、近年在词类方面的命题去 向、强化训练I 英语此类分大种：名动形、数(量)代、介副连冠叹即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective) 、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(num eral)、冠词(article) 、介词(preposition) 、连词(conjunctions)禾口感叹词(interjection)。一、名词(n )表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词(一) 名词的分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词，其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单 数，也可用

2、作复数。可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如：boy, desk, cat , window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如：family , class , police)。不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如：water , paper , silk , money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它)抽象概念。女口： work, happ in ess , music , difficulty , housework)专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom the Great Wall , the Spring Festival ,Fr

3、ance , the United States)(二) 名词的数(考点)1 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：(1) 一般情况下，在词尾加s。eg bookbooks , dogdogs , penpens, boyboys以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为s)，以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为Z。(2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词名词变复数时，要在词尾加es。eg beachbeaches , brushbrushes , busbuses , box boxes(es 读音为iz(3) 以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的名词，先变 y为i，再加es。eg ci

4、ty cities , family families , documentary documentaries ,countrycountries , strawberrystrawberries(ies 读音为iz)( 注：以元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加 -s。 eg. boys, holidays , days)(4) 以元音字母。结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下： 力口 es tomato tomatoes , potato potatoes heroheroes 结尾是两个元音字母的加s, eg Zoo zoos , radioradios 某些外来词变复数时词尾加s, eg. p

5、iano pianos 一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加 s,eg photo(photograph)photos , kilo(kilogram)kilos zero 变复数时，既可加 s,也可加 es . zeros /zeroes(5) 以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时，先把 f或fe变为v,再加es。eg wifewives leaf leaves , halfhalves ,knife knives , thief-thieves(res 读音为vz( 注意：roof 的复数为 roofs ;scarf 的复数为 scarfs / scarves)(6) 有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在

6、词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母，eg man men woman- women policeman policemen , EnglishmanEnglishmen ,Frenchman Frenchmen, footfeet tooth teeth , childchildren , mouse mice(7) 还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。eg Chinese , Japanese , sheep, deer, fish(8) 另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。eg , people , police , trousers , pants , clothes , sciss

7、ors另外，当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。eg . five apple trees , a girl friend , two girl friends , a twin sister但是，当man和woman#定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。eg . two men teachers ， three women doctors 可用量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。eg.a room Of students, two boxes Of pencils2 .不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。（考点）（1）表不定数量时，一般用m

8、uch, （a）little , a lot of /lots of , some, any 等词修饰。eg , much money, a little bread（2）表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：two /three /，+量词复数十of+不可数名词。eg . a bag Of rice , two glasses Of milk , four bottles Of water3 .有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。eg: fruit 水果fruits表示不同种类的水果；food食物foods各种食品；fish 鱼fishes 鱼的种类；d

9、rink 饮料、酒a drink 杯/一份饮料、一杯酒；cloth 布,a cloth 桌布、抹布； sand 沙sands 沙滩；tea 茶a tea 一杯茶；chicken 鸡肉a chicken 小鸡； orange 橘汁anorange 橘子；glass 玻璃a glass 玻璃杯， glasses 眼镜； paper纸a paper 试卷、论文； wood木头a wood 小森林；room 空间、余地a room 房间（三）名词的所有格（表示人或物的所属关系）（难点）（1）有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，在词尾加s。e

10、g . Mike s watch ； Womes Day 以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，只加。eg . teachers office , students rooms 两个或两个以上名词并列，表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加s。eg . Tom and Mike s room 汤姆和迈克的房间（表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房） 两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加s。eg. Mary s and Jenny s bikes 玛丽和詹妮的自行车（表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车）无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构eg.a map Of China , the beg inning

11、Of this game,the door Of the room特殊形式可用s和of短语表示的名词所有格eg . the boy s name=the name Of the boy（ 男孩的名字 ）the dog s l egs=the legs of the dog（ 狗的腿）China s population=the population Of China（中国的人口）China s capital=the capital of China（中国的首都 ） 双重所有格eg . a fiend of my mother s我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of Tom s汤姆的一张图

12、片二、代词（pron .）代替名词，兼有名词和形容词的作用相互代词each other, one another指示代词this , that , these , those不定代词（不指明特定的人或事物的代词）each , every , both , all , either , neither ,none , no, one , （a）few , （a）little , some, any , many , much , other , another 复合不定代词 everybody , somebody , an ybody , n obody , every one, some o

13、ne , anyone , no one , every-thing , something , anything, nothing疑问代词what , who , whom, which , whose直接代词疑问代词都可作连接代词，引导宾语从句.表语从句等。关系代词who , whom whose , that , which用引导定语从句。（二）代词的用法1. 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法（1）人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格用来作主语，宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。eg. She gave me a red apple .她给了我一个红苹果：（She作主语，me

14、作动词宾语）Kathy is near him.凯西靠近他。（介词near的宾语）2 ，物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。 形容词性物主代词位于名词前：their school , his backpack 名词性物主代词相当干一个名词，在句中可作主语、宾语等，后面不能再接名词。e g It isn t my penMine（=my pen） is missing.（作主语）1 left my pen at home You can use hers（=her pen）,（作宾语） of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗，a fr

15、ie nd of yours你的一个朋友（3）反身代词 反身代词在句中可作同位语，起强调作用，也可作动词或介词的宾语。eg . A few days later , I myself had to go to Paris.（作同位语）She bought herself a new bag.（作动词宾语 ）Hes not worried about himself.（作介词宾语） 带有反身代词的常用短语。teach on eself 自学help on eself to随便吃些，吧say to on eself 自言自语.lear n. by on eself 自学，enjoy on esel

16、f 过得愉快leave one by on eself把某人单独留下hurt on eself伤了自己dress on eself自己穿衣服come to on eself 苏醒过来（4）相互代词 表示相互关系，可用作动词或介词的宾语，用法区别不大。eg . For years , the two sisters looked after one another（each other）. 多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。We should learn from each other.我们应当互相学习。 可以用格表示所有关系：each other s, one another s互相的，彼此的eg . T

17、hey are looking at each other s pictures . 他们相互看对方的照片。（5）指示代词 指示代词有单复数之分，既可指物，也可用于介绍人。Eg This is an apple tree , and that is an orange tree.这是一棵苹果树，那是一棵桔子树。These are my friends, and that is my sister .这些是我朋友，那个是我姐姐。 指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情：eg.Steve had a bad cold. This /That was why he didn t come to schoo

18、l yesterday 2 .不定代词的用法（考点，难点）（1）each , every , both , all , either , neither , no, none 的用法 each每个/各个”（强调个体），用于两者或两者以上。eg . Two girls came and l gave an apple to each.来了俩姑娘，我给她们每人一个苹果。Each of them has a nice ring.她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。 every每个/各个”（强调全体），用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。eg . Everyday is importa nt to us.每天

19、对我们都很重要。He has read every book（all the books） On the subject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书 both表示两者“都”（强调全体）。eg . Her pare nts are both doctors .她父母都是医生。Both of them are doctors.他俩都是医生。They both like potatoes.他俩喜欢吃土豆。 all 全体/大家/一切”用于三者以上，也可接不可数名词。eg . That s all for today.今天至U此为止。All of us are from Chi na.我们都来自中国。

20、All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。 either 两者之一”，用于两者（强调个体）。eg . The two coats are cheap , so you can choose either of them.那两件外套不贵，你可以随便挑一件。 neither 两个都不”，用于否定两者。eg. Neither Of the books is/ are so in terest in g.那两本书没一本好看的。 no（=not any /not a）没有”可接可数名词单复数，也可接不可数名词。eg.I have no brothers Or sisters

21、.我没有兄弟姐妹 .A clock has no mouth , but it can talk .钟表没有嘴，但能说话。There is no fire without some smoke.有火就有烟。 none 没有一个人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名司。eg.No ne Of them has/ have bee n to Japa n.他们都没去过日本。I like none of the books.这些书我全都不喜欢。 neither 和none表示完全否定；all , both , each和every（含every的复合词）等与not连用时表示部分否定。eg . I d

22、on t know all of you.我不完全认识你们。Not everyone Of us know how to go there.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。（2）one , ones 禾口 no one 的用法one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人，以免重复；复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人；no one表示否定。e g.Would you please pass me the scie nee book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗？一 Which one?哪一本？一 The one on my shelf.我书架上的那本。No one has travele

23、d farther tha n to the moon.没有人旅行远过月球。（3）（a）few, （a）little ; many, much; some, any 的用法（考点，难点） many（+复数名词），much（+不可数名词）表示许多/很多”。eg . Many Of the students come from England.那些学生许多是从英国来的。Thanks , it s too much for me .谢谢，我承受不起。 few（+复数名词），little（+不可数名词）表示“没多/很少”（表否定）。eg , There were few people in the s

24、treet last night.昨晚街上没什么人。I am very worried that l have little time to finishthe job .我担心，我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。 afew（+复数名词），a little（+不可数名词）表示“有一些/有几个”（表肯定）。eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread in the fridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意： quite a few表示“相当多”eg . There are quite a few students over there.那儿有相

25、当多的学生。 some（+复数名词/不可数名词），any（+复数名词/不可数名词）表示“有一些/有几个”（表肯定）。eg . There are some birds in the tree.树上有些鸟。There is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。I don t have any brothers Of sisters.我没有Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗？ .some 一般用于肯定句，但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中，多用some。eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗？Why

26、 didn t you buy some sweets?（You should have bought .）你怎么没买点糖果 ？ .a ny 一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句eg . There isnt any water left.没有剩下一点水。If you have any questions, put up your hands 。 please .如果有问题，请举手。：some+单数名词表示某一个” ，any+单数名词表示随便哪一个”或任何一个”。e g. rII catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。Come any day you like.你

27、哪天来都行。Tom is taller tha n any other stude nt in his class.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。 one ,other, others, the others ,ano ther等的用法1.0 on e,the other表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个，另一个”eg. Mr Smith has two daughters .One is a teacher, the other is a nurse2. O 00.0 one ”,another表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另一个”。eg. I don t want this One , pl

28、ease give me another.3. O one ,the others强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American, the Others are Chinese.4. OOO some, the others表示许多人或物，不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。eg . Some students are reading, the others are drawing pictures. others=other+ 名词； the others = the Other+ 名词。eg

29、 . Some students like traveling, others（other students） like watching TV at home an other表示“再/又”时既可接单数名词，也可接数词+复数名词。eg. He will be able to fin ish his work in ano ther two hours.再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。（4）复合不定代词的用法 复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。eg . Some one is knocking at the door.有人在敲门 修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后，即定语后置。

30、eg . There is something important On today snewspaper .今天的报纸有些重要新闻。 复合不定代词变否定句时，要否定主语：eg . Something is wrong .（变为否定句）Something isn t wrong.（错误 ）Nothing is wrong.（正确） Somebody some one, someth ing 般用于肯定句； an ybody , anyone, anything 般用于否 定句、疑问句及条件句。eg . There is something new in the park.公园里有些新的景点。D

31、o you have any thi ng in terest ing to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗？ 当 somebody, some one等用于疑问句时，表示肯定、请求、建议或反问；an ybody , anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。eg . Is some one coming this after noon?今天下午有客人来吗 ?Anyone can make mistakes .任何人都可能犯错误。3 .疑问代词的用法。（1）who / whom 谁（指人）. 作主语eg. Who wants to go with him? 作宾语eg . Wh/

32、 Whom are you waiting for?（ 作介词 for 的宾语）eg.Who / Whom do you want to meet?（ 作动词 meet 的宾语）作表语eg.Wh/ Whom are they?（2）whose 谁的作定语eg. Whose pen is this?作表语eg. Whose is this pen?（3）which哪一个，哪一些 作定语 作表语（4）what什么 作主主语 作宾语 作表语 作定语egeg.Which girl is Kathy?.Which is the boy s ball?.What s on the table?egeg.

33、What are you doing? eg . What is he?eg . What class are you in?4 .关系代词的用法关系代词用来引起定语从句，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词，另一一方面又 在从句中充当一个成分。eg This is the man who gave me the book .这就是给我书的那个人。The money that/ which is on the table is mi ne. 桌上的钱是我的。The money that/ which my mother gave me is on the table.我妈妈给我的钱在桌上

34、。三、形容词（adj .）表示人和事物的特征，对名词起修饰和描绘作用四、 副词（adv .）表示动作特征或性状，主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子（ 一）形容词的用法及位置1 .形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等，作定语时一般放在名词前。Eg. She has short hair.（作定语）Paul is tall.（作表语）We must keep our room clean.（作宾补）2 .形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。eg . She has someth ing importa nt to tell us. /There s nothing wrong in the sent

35、ence(二)副词的种类、用法及位置1 .副词的种类(1) 时间副词 表示大体时间：now, the n , yesterday , today ,toni ght, before , just now , recen tly 表示频率：always , usually , often , sometimes . seldom, never 其它作用：already , yet, early , soon, at once , immediately , atfirst at last(2) 地点副词 表地点： here , there , home, abroad , upstairs ,

36、dow nstairs , any where , everywhere , n owhere, somewhere 表位置关系(后接宾语时，用作介词 ):above, below , round , around , down, in , out , in side , outside , across , back , along , over , away , near, off,past(3) 方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”，(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成)：badly , bravely , gratefully , calmly , carefully, carelessly

37、, nervously , proudly ,patiently , politely , sadly , properly , rapidly , wrongly , suddenly(4) 程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词： much,little ,a bit, very ,sO,too ,eno ugh, quite, rather , completely , terribly , deeply , n early , almost , hardly(5) 疑问副词构成特殊疑问句：how , when, where , why(6) 连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句： how , w

38、hen, where,why(7) 关系副词引导定语从句：when , where , why(8) 其它性质的副词 对整个句子进行说明，一般用逗号与主句隔开：frankly( 坦率地说，说真的)，generally( 一般说来)，luckily( 幸运地是)，first of all( 首2 .副词的用法及位置（1）修饰动词作状语多数位于动词之后，及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。eg . The farmers are working hard in the field She speaks En glish well.The nurse looks after the babies car

39、efully频度副词放在动词前，情态动词和助动词之后。eg . He always goes to school On foot .She was ofte n late for school.I have n ever bee n to Beiji ng(2) 修饰形容词作状语，放在形容词前。eg . He has a very nice watch .The box is too heavy.(3) 修饰另一副词作状语，放在另一副词前。eg . She paints quite well .You speak too fast . I can t understand you.(4) 作表

40、语，放在系动词后。eg . Is anybody in?(5) 作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。eg . I saw him out just now(6) 作定语，放在名词之后。eg . There is a man : here On vacation(7) 疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perh aps , first , sometimes , fin ally等副词，一般放在句首。eg . Fin ally , I fini shed the work .Perhaps he s watching TV at home .(8) 表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前，而enough则放在它

41、所修饰的词后。eg. He is old eno ugh to go to school.(三) 形容词和副词的比较等级1 .比较级、最高级的构成(1) 单音节和少数双音节词 一般在词尾加 er或estgreat-greater greatest , youngyoungeryoungest , slowslower slowest 以e结尾的只加r或stnicenicer-nicest, largelarger largest . 以辅音字母加 y结尾的，先变y为i，再加er或estheavyheavierheaviest , easyeasier easiest , busybusierb

42、usiest ,funnyfunnier+funniest , earlyearlier earliest 以重读闭音节结尾的词，先双写最末的一个辅音字母，再加er或est big bigger biggest ,thinthinnerthinnest , fat )fatter fattest ,ht )fitterfittest(2) 多音节和部分双音节词，前加more为比较级，加(the)most为最高级careful 宀more carefulmost carefulusefulmore usefulmost usefulpopular tmore popular most popul

43、arcarelesslymore carelesslymost carelessly(3) 不规则变化的词good /well t better tbestbad / ill / badly t worseT worstmany / muchT morer mostlittle t less t leastold t older /elder t oldest(指年龄大小)/ eldest(指长幼顺序)far tfarther /further tfarthest(指距离 )/ furthest(指程度)2 .形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法(1) 形容词和副词比较级的用法 用于两者比较，表示

44、“比，更,”:“A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B ,eg . I am two years older than my little sister“ A+谓语动词+副词比较级+tha n+ B：eg . She gets to school earlier than the other students 用于两者之间的同级比较，表示“，和,一样”“ A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B，eg.Bill is as funny as his father.“ A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+Beg.Lucy speaks Chin ese as well as Lily. 表示甲在某

45、方面不如乙：“A+系动词+notas / so+形容i司原级+as十Beg . These books aren t as interesting as those.“ A+助动词/情态动词 +not+谓语动词+aS/ SO+Beg . She didn t sing sO well that night as she usually does. 表示某个范围内的两者相比：“A十动词十the+比较级+of短语（比较范围）”eg . Penny is the taller of the two girls. Penny 是这两个女孩中较高的一个。 表示“越来越，”：“比较级+and+比较级”eg

46、 . In spri ng the days are gett ing Ion ger and Ion ger.在春天，白天变得越来越长。 表示“越，越，”：“ the+比较级,the+比较级”eg . The mort : you practice using English, the better you ll learn it你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。可以用 much, far , even, a bit , a little , a lot等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用 very修饰。eg . Tom is a little taller than Mikeit is even

47、colder today tha n yesterday在比较级中，为了避免重复，可用.Tom比Mike稍高一点；。今天甚至比昨天更冷that或those代替前面提到过的事情。eg . The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown 这儿比我的老家热得多。The pants in this shop are a lot better tha n those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。(3)形容词和副词最高级的用法对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the

48、，副词最高级前可加the，也可省掉the ;后面可带of/in短浯来说明比较范围：“主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语/ in短语”eg . She is the youngest Of all .“A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语/ in短语”eg . Linda draws most carefully in her class.五、冠词(art .)用在名词前，帮助说明其意义冠词分为不定冠词a/an和定冠词the，放在名词前、a/ 3n用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前，an用于元音音素开头的词前)。1.不定冠词(1) 不定冠词的用法 泛指一类人或物。eg

49、. This is a pen cil case .She S a doctor . 指不具体的某个人或物。eg.I met an old man On my way home. 用在序数词前，相当于another。eg . There s a third boy near the shop. 表示“每一（个）”，相当于every。eg . They have music less ons twice a week 固定搭配。a lot Of , a lot , a little , a few , a glass Of , such a / an, have a word with , ha

50、ve a look , have a try , have a swim , a quarter , half an hour , three times a day , have a talk , give a talk , ten Yuan a kilo(2) 不定冠词的位置 不定冠词一般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。eg ， a bike ，an egg 当名词被such，what，many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。eg . It took me half an hour to finish my homework.He left in such a hurry that he fo

51、rgot to close the door.What a dan gerous job it is!Many a man has gone to the big cities for work. 当名词前的形容词前有so , how, too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took thebli nd man to the stati onHow nice a film this is! 当名词前面有形容词和quite , rather , very时，不定冠词放在 quite , rather之后，very之前。eg

52、 . It is quite a good book .That is rather a useful too1.This is a very in teresti ng story2 .定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。eg:l have two children, a boy and a girl . The boys name is Mark . The girl s nameis Penny.(2) 特指某(些)人或物。eg: The girl in a red dress comes from America.(3) 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。eg: My shoes a

53、re un der the bed.(4) 用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。eg Tom is the taller of the two boys.(5) 用在序数词前。eg Mon day is the sec ond day of a week.(6) yo用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。cg The moon moves round the earth.(7) 用在某些形容词前，表示一类人或物。the rich(富人),the poor( 穷人),the deaf( 聋人),the blind(盲人),the dead(死者),the wounded

54、(伤员)(8) 用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。eg . The Greens are having dinner at home .(9) 用在乐器前。eg . play the piano / guitar /violin /drums.(10) 用于逢“十”的复数数词前，指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。eg. In the 1970s, a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometownI thi nk he is in the thirties.(11) 用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。the Unite

55、d Nations, the Great Wall , the Summer Palace , the Palace Museum , in theend, in the day , in the middle Of , all the time , in the east , by the way , On the way tO , the(more) . the(more), “越,越,”3 .不用冠词的情况(1) 名词前有指示代词this , that , these , those时不用冠词。eg . That girl is my friend(2) 名词前有物主代词my, your , his her , their等时不用冠词。eg . Lucy is