考研英语阅读理解---个别句子的意义及上下文逻辑关系

1、一篇文章各段落之间及各句子之间都存在着一定的逻辑关系，正确理解这种逻辑关系有助于考生做出快速而准确的选择，提高做题的正确率。这种类型的考题主要是考查考生对文章逻辑结构的理解，要求考生综合运用各方面的知识如：语法、词汇、语感、逻辑结构等进行分析判断。只理解个别句子的含义是远远不够的，还必须把上、下文的意思联系起来，弄清前后句之间、各段落之间的逻辑关系，从语篇的角度上对文章进行整体性的理解、分析、判断。 第一节 命 题 方 式 考查考生正确理解个别句子的意义及上下文逻辑关系的题目可分为两种：一是涉及各句子之间的指代关系；一是涉及文章各段落之间的关系。常见的命题方式主要有： 1.In line, t

2、he word “it” refers to . 2.In line, the word “it” could best be replaced by . 3.In paragraph, the word “” stands for . 4.The word “one” (in line could best replaced by which of the following words? . 5.It can be assumed that the paragraph preceding (following the passage most probably discusses . 6.

3、 The paragraph preceding (following this one is probably about . 从某种意义上说，这类题目是一种逻辑推理题，解题方法也与逻辑推理题有些相似。理解个别句子的意义及上下文之间的逻辑关系是阅读理解过程中的一项重要技能，也是考生应具备的一种阅读理解技能。 第二节 各句子之间的指代关系 在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用指代词表示，如：要求考生指出代词it，they，one等的指代对象等。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间的逻辑关系。这种类型的问题一般来说难度不是很高，考生只要仔细品味上下文，一般都能看出来

4、某行中的代词是指代前面的哪个名词。但是，需要注意的是，这类问题一般都具有一定的迷惑性。 例1(1995年考题第3篇59题 In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War . As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years,their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off,

5、 and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended

6、family must be consciously learned. The word “it” (line 3, para. 2most probably refers to . A the lack of stable communities B the breakdown of informal information channels C the increased mobility of families D the growing number of people moving from place to place 要 正确判断it在文中的所指，关键在于分析该句的结构。本句是个

7、复合句，前半部分“As families move away from their，their extended family relationships,”是状语从句，主句是后半部分中的“the informal flow of information is cut off”。而后半部分中的“wity it the confidence that informationreliable”又与“the informal flow of information is cut off”紧密相关，因为该句表面看上去不完整，that引导的从句只是“confidence”的同位语，那么句中没有谓语。而实

8、际上，该句暗含了一个完整的句子，即：指代词“it”代替前面所说的“the informal flow of information is cut off.”因此，正确答案选B项。 例2(1995年考题第2篇57题 In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselve

9、s as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to

10、 move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. When the author says “a new way of being”(line 3, pa

11、ra. 3, he is referring to A a new approach to experiencing the world B a new way of taking risks C A new method of perceiving ourselves D a new system of adapting to change 该题的关键在于对“being”一词的理解。“How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow”是该段的主题句，概括性比较强，“bei

12、ng”具体指何事物可以从主题句后的几个例子中加以判断。下文的三个例子都围绕一个中心，即：我们的态度决定着我们的生活方式，那么“being”就是指“生存、存在”。“a new way of being”是说“一种新的体验世界的生存方式”。 第三节 文章各段落之间的关系 一篇文章各段落之间都存在着一定的逻辑联系，而这种逻辑联系通常情况下都体现在段落的开头和结尾。这种类型的题目一般要求考生根据所阅读的短文推测出该文章的前一段或后一段的内容。这类测试题难度较大，需要考生充分理解测试材料、分析语篇特点、仔细寻找解题依据。如果问题要求考生猜测短文之前的内容，考生就必须注意短文的开头部分；如果问题要求考生猜

13、测短文之后的内容，考生就必须注意短文的结尾部分。 值得一提的是，在寻求解题依据时，千万不可忽视对篇章结构的分析。例如：论说文是用理由 、论据来说明作者观点的，如果所选段落仅叙述其中一点，那么该段落的上、下文可能是对另一点的叙述。如果是用比较对比的手法来组织的文章，所选段落仅论述比较，则该文的上、下文可能论述对比。 例1 By about A.D 500 the Mound Builder culture was declined, perhaps because of attacks from other tribes or perhaps because of severe climatic

14、 changes that undermined agriculture. To the west another culture, based on intensive agriculture, was beginning to flourish. Its center was beneath presentday St. Louis, and it radiated out to encompass most of the Mississippi watershed, from Wisconsin to Louisiana and from Oklahoma to Tennessee. T

15、housands of villages were included in its orbit. The paragraph preceding this one most probably discussed . A the Mound Builder culture B warfare in A.D 500. C the geography of the Mississippi area D agriculture near the Mississippi River 本题就是一个典型的例子。文章各段落间的逻辑关系一般情况下都体现在段落的开头或结尾。本题要求考生根据下文已知信息，对上文可能

16、出现的信息加以推测。解答这类题型时，要充分理解所读文章，特别注意文章的开头部分，借助于标题、主题句进行推测。本篇文章一开始便谈到“By about A.D. 500 the Mound Bwilder culture was declined”。接着又告诉读者这种文化衰退的两个可能性的因素。进而又讲述了另一种文化的繁荣。因此，我们可以判断出：第一句是个过渡句，起到承上启下的作用，前一段肯定是关于the Mound Builder Culture，甚至是这种文化的繁荣景象。因此，这一题的正确答案是A项。 例2 A hearing test that analyzes brain waves fo

17、r subconscious responses to sound has recently been devised by a team of specialists at the University of Iowa. Instead of depending on the patient to indicate when he hears a laboratorycontrolled noise, as in the traditional form of testing, this new method, called electric response audiometry, ena

18、bles audiologists to trace the noise's path directly from the ear to the brain while the patient relaxes or sleeps. Although brain responses have been used in other auditory tests for some time, the university of Iowa specialists are the only scientists to date who analyze simultaneously three c

19、omponents of hearingthe responses of the middle ear, the auditory nerve, and the brain stem. This information helps to identify the precise location of a hearing problem and, at the same time, to measure its severity. While electric response audiometry is not meant to replace conventional means of t

20、esting, it is especially effective in diagnosing hearing problems in very young children multiply handicapped individuals, and psychologically disturbed persons because it does not require the patient's active participation. The paragraph following this one would most likely de al with . A why s

21、ome people can hear better than others B what can be done to help the hearing impaired C how this new auditory test is conducted D which hearing problems are the most severe 本题要求考生预测短文之后可能讲座的内容，解这类题型考生要特别注意文章结尾部分，找出作者在结尾部分埋下的伏笔，同时要根据文章的中心思想来进行推测。本文的主题是渥太华大学的一组科学家为了分析对声音下意识做出反应的脑电波听力测验。他们一改过去那种传统的测试方

22、法，而采用“electric response audiometry”。这样，就是在病人休息的时候，听觉矫治专家就可以直接监测，跟踪声音从耳朵进入大脑的线路。接下来的内容都是关于这一重大突破的意义。在理解全文的基础上，我们再仔细体会结尾部分的内容，结尾句告诉我们这种新的方法被证明用在诊断小孩、残疾人、或是精神疾病的患者身上尤为有效，因为它并不特别要求病人的主动参与。显然，下一段作者就要叙述如何进行这种听觉测试。因此，正确答案为C项。 在判断文章上下文之间的逻辑关系时，要特别注意过渡性词语的使用。过渡性词语是一种关系指引词，用其作为连接手段，能使文章保持连贯、通顺。它们不仅能承上启下，还能转折上

23、、下文的语气。 (常用的过渡词语请见本篇概论部分 例3 Dr. Trounson has gone one step further than the “testtube”fertilization(授孕technique, first employed successfully in 1978 and since emulated in such places as the United States, South Africa, Britain, and Australia, by setting up an “embryo bank” to keep a supply of frozen

24、, fertilized eggs available indefinitely. In case the first fertilized egg failed to lead to pregnancy when transplanted back into the mother, or possibly into another woman, another of the stored eggs, which had been taken from the mother and fertilized by the father at the same time as the first,

25、could be withdrawn from the “bank” for a second attempt. The pioneers of successful “testtube” births, Steptoe and Edwards, had been the first to come up with this storage idea but they had been forced to withdraw their plan because of the controversy it aroused. The problem in both countries was, o

26、f course, one of morality, although that should not be taken to imply that there is necessarily more morality in Great Britain than in Australia. The concern has been that the embryo bank might be exploited by the unscrupulous, or that conception(怀孕might precede birth by nine or even ninety years, r

27、ather than by nine months. As happened some years ago with heart transplants, and as will doubtless happen again, the present situation as far as embryo banks are concerned appears to be that “the technology has outrun the morality.” The paragraph preceding this passage prob ably discussed A the int

28、ended recipientB Dr. Trounson C embryo banksD Steptoe and Edwards 本题要求预测上文可能谈到的内容。判断文章上下文之间的逻辑关系时，过渡性词语也起着重要的作用，它是一种关系指引词，使文章保持连贯、通顺。我们知道，推测上文信息，文章的第一句很重要。该文第一句讲“Dr. Trounson has gone one step further than the “testtube” fertilization technique”，句中的过渡词语“further”表示进一步说明，与上文属于递进逻辑关系。既然第一句叙述Dr. Trounso

29、n在研究试管受精技术的基础上又进一步建立了“胚胎库”或“精子库”，由此我们可以推测其前文很可能是有关Dr. Trounson和试管受精技术。故正确答案是B项。 例4 When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they becam

30、e capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to

31、farming and the domestication of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as the founding of

32、 cities. The paragraph following this passage would most likely be about A fire B hunting C farming D urbanization 该题要求预测短文之后可能讨论的内容。解这种题时，可以先回顾一下全文的主题思想及相关的信息，也可以根据结尾句的过渡性词语的使用判断下文信息。文章的结尾讲“Only when the process of meeting the basic need forwas it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such a

33、s the founding of cities.”(只有在满足对食物基本需求的过程达到一定的精细程度时，人类才有可能去从事建造城市等其他的追求。该句中出现过渡词“such as”，它表示下文要引出的例子。因此，我们说本文后的段落很可能是关系人们的追求，而放在首位的，则是从事建造城市的追求。故正确答案是D项。 第四节 专项阅读练习 Passage 1 Rhythm in literature is a more or less regular occurrence of certain elements of writing： a word, a phrase, an idea, a soun

34、d, or a grammatical construction. We are also accustomed to this recurrence in the alternate heavy and light beats in music. Our love for rhythm seems to be innate： witness the responses of a small child to lively music. Children love to beat on toy drums or empty boxes. They stamp th eir feet and c

35、hant nursery rhymes or nonsense syllables, not unlike primitive dancers. As children grow older, they are taught to restrain their responses to rhythm, but our love of rhythm remains. We live in rhythms； in fact we are governed by rhythms. Physiologically, we are rhythmical. We must eat, sleep, brea

36、the, and play regularly to maintain good health. Emotionally we are rhythmical, too, for psychologists say that all of us feel alternate periods of relative depression and exhilaration. Intellectually we are also rhythmical, for we must have periods of relaxation following periods of concentration.

37、It naturally follows then that rhythm, a fundamental aspect of our lives, must be a part of any good literary workwhether poetry or prose. 1. What is the main idea of the passage? A Rhythmic patterns in literature are helpful to physicians and psychologists. B Rhythmic patterns in literature are amo

38、ng the natural manifestations of rhythm in all facets of life. C Rhythm tends to be more accentuated in music than in poetry. D Rhythm tends to be more regular in literature than in other facets of life. 2. According to the passage, an adult's reaction to rhythm in music would probably be . A un

39、inhibited B indifferent C restrained D responsible 3. According to the passage, which of the following pairs of activities best illustrates intellectual rhythm? A Studying a science book and then studying a psychology book B Learning a poem and then taking a nap CPlaying ball at the beach and then g

40、oing swimming D Solving a math problem and then solving a chemistry problem 4. What would the next paragraph probably discuss? A How to write poetry B How to understand rhythm in music C The kinds of rhythm found in good literature D The importance of rhythm in planning our lives Passage 2 It has be

41、en thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent. Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed in Africa, we are inclined to think that all Africans are musicians. The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find th

42、at we have become largely a society of music spectators. Music is important to us, but most of us can considered consumers rather than producers of music. We have records, television, concerts, and radio to fulfill many of our musical needs. In most situations where music is performed in our culture

43、 it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute and drum ensemble is performing,“Anybody can take part.”This is true, but Kasena musicians r

44、ecognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the Music. Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer ca n play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by oth

45、ers who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult t

46、o draw from point of view. 1. The difference between us and Africans, as far as music is concerned, is that . A we are the audience and they are the additional performers B we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians C most of us are passive spectators while they are active spe

47、ctators D all of us are consumers while all of them are producers of music 2. The word “such”(line 8 refers to the fact that . A music is performed with the participation of the audience B people tend to distinguish the audience from the performers C music performed without the participation of the

48、audience D people have records, television sets and radio to fulfill their musical needs 3. The word “nucleus”(line 15 probably refers to . A musicians famous in Africa B musicians at the centre C active participants in a musical performance D musicians acting as the core in a performance 4. The bes

49、t title for this passage would be . A The Importance of Musicians to African People B A Characteristic Feature of African Musical Performances C The Relationship Between Musicians and Their Audience D Differences Between African Music and Music of Other Countries Passage 3 There are two ways to crea

50、te colors in a photograph. One method, called additive, starts with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The second method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum and, by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the

51、one desired. In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other colors. The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each providing about onethird of the wavelengths in the total spectrum. Mixed in varying proportions, they can produce all colors. Green a

52、nd red light mix to produce yellow: red and blue light mix to produce magenta: green and blue mix to produce cyan. When equal parts of all three of these primarycolored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye. In the subtractive process, colors are produced when dye (as in paint

53、 or color photographic materials absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectrum. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green magenta (a purplish pink and yellow; these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, respectively, thus subtracting th

54、em from white ligh t. These dye colors are the complementary colors to the three additive primaries of red, green and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light. producing black: But mixed in varying proportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum.

55、Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtracting some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additive process was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while requiring complex chemical techniques,

56、 has turned out to be more practical and is the basis of all modern color films. 1. The word “one” in line 4 refers to . A color Bmethod C mixture D light 2. What color filter would absorb red wavelengths? A Red B Cyan C Magenta D Yellow 3. Which of the following is NOT a pair of additive and subtra

57、ctive primary colors? A Yellow and blueB Magenta and green C Black and whiteD Cyan and red 4. What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modern color films? A Subtractive colors are more B The subtractive process is more efficient. C Additive chemical techniques are too compl

58、ex. D The additive process is still being developed. Passage 4 Before the 1850's the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, churchconnected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students. Throu

59、ghout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800's, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them retu