定语从句（柴绍杰）

1、1定义编辑被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它需要放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语 从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语 从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1.who, whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that you want to see?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the

2、man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2.Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3.which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

3、A prosperitywhich / thathad never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）The packagewhich / thatyou are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。4.as用法：1).as引导限制性定语从句a.such.asHe is not such a

4、fool as he looks.I have never heard such a story as he tells.b.the same .asThis is the same book as I lost last week.(区分the same.as与the same.that：两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个。as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。举例：This is the same pen that I lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。This is the same pen as I lo

5、st. 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。)c.as.asAs many children as came were given some cakes.2).as引导非限制性定语从句常用句式:as is said above 综上所述as is known to all 众所周知as is often the case 通常如此as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的5. “which”在特殊从定法（1）不用that的情况（a）在引导非限定性定语从句时。（b）介词后能用。We depend on the land from which we get our

6、food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例 如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he

7、refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？判断关系代词与关系副词方法： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系 副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，应选择关系代词；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选 择关系副词。例如：Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?3关系代词编辑关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语

8、从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1、who, whom, that限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwhom/that(可省略)whose指物which/thatwhich/that(可省略)whose指人和物thatthatwhose非限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人whowhomwhose/of whom指物whichwhichwhose/of which5限定性编辑限定性定语从句意义：限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整，例如I met

9、some one who said he knows you.1. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which,at which,for which或on which（1）Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。（2）I like the music for the very reason th

10、at(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。（3）We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。2. 在限定性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时，关系代词可省略。（1）The book (that/ which) I am reading is very interesting. 我在读的书很有趣。（2）Is there anything (that) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗?6非限定性编辑非限定性定语从句意义：非限定性定语从句起补充说明作

11、用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如（1）The house,which I bought has a lovely garden.我买的房子带着个漂亮的花园。（2）This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。1.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：（1）He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似

12、乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。（2）Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。2. 在非限定定语从句中，有时as也可用作关系代词，若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如：（1）The boy has as much progress as we had expected. 正像我们所预料的那样，这个男孩取得了大的进步。（2） As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history

13、 . 每个人都知道，中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。 区分定语从句和同位语从句1、定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系。（1）The boy who is playing football is my classmate.（定语从句）2、定语从句由关系代for advice.（3）The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all.（4）The fact is that the moon moves around the earth.(这是一个表语从句！）介词的正确选

14、择1. 根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。如：This is not the book of which the teacher spoke in class. (speak of 意为“谈论”，相当于talk about)The two things of which they felt proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair. (be / feel proud of 为固定短语，意为“以自豪”。)2. 根据前面的名词的搭配关系选择。如：Ill never forget the day on which I first met him. (表示具

15、体的某一天，介词用on)The boy pointed to the direction in which he would run. （“朝方向”，介词用in）3. 有时需同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。如：The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was happening inside the house.9特定选择编辑关系词1、只用that不用which1）当先行词是或被序数词，最高级，不定代词修饰时，关系词用that。2）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that。3）当

16、先行词带有the only,the very,the same,the last,the one等词时，用that。4）当主句中有who或which时，为避免重复用that。5）当先行词为something，anything，nothing，none，no，little，much，all等不定代词时用that。2、只用who不用that1）如果先行词是those,they,all,persons,people,he,anyone,one时用who2）当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语从句或在被分割的定语从句中时。3、只用which不用that1）当主句先行词后有介词时，用which。例：This is the one of which Im speaking。2）非限定性定语从句，用which。3) 描述句中一般用which。例：Beijing，which was Chinas capital for more than 800years。4）those +复数名词之后，多用which .例：Shopkeeper want to keep a number of those goo