经济学Chap11曼昆

1、Public Goods and Common ResourcesChapter 11Copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of thework should be mailed to:Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers,6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.Harcourt, Inc. item

2、s and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.“The best things in life are free. . .”Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysisMost goods in our economy are allocated in marketsfor these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers.Harcourt, In

3、c. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.“The best things in life are free. . .”When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.“The best thi

4、ngs in life are free. . .”When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.“The best things in life are free. . .”In such cases, governme

5、nt policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic well-being.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Different Kinds of GoodsWhen thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two charact

6、eristics:u Is the good excludable?u Is the good rival?Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Different Kinds of GoodsuExcludabilityuPeople can be prevented from enjoying the good.uLaws recognize and enforce private property rights.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived

7、items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Different Kinds of Goodsu RivalnessuOne persons use of the good diminishes another persons enjoyment of it. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Four Types of GoodsuPrivate GoodsuPublic GoodsuCommon ResourcesuNatural Monopol

8、iesHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Types of GoodsuPrivate GoodsuAre both excludable and rival.uPublic GoodsuAre neither excludable nor rival.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Types of GoodsuCommon ResourcesuAre rival but not

9、 excludable.uNatural MonopoliesuAre excludable but not rival.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Types of Goods Rival?Yes NoYes Private Goods Ice-cream cones Clothing Congested toll roads Natural Monopolies Fire protection Cable TV Uncongested toll roads No Common

10、Resources Fish in the ocean The environment Congested nontoll roads Public Goods National defense Knowledge Uncongested nontoll roads Excludable?Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Free-Rider ProblemA free-rider is a person who receives the benefit of a good bu

11、t avoids paying for it.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Free-Rider ProblemuSince people cannot be excluded from enjoying the benefits of a public good, individuals may withhold paying for the good hoping that others will pay for it.uThe free-rider problem pr

12、events private markets from supplying public goods.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Solving the Free-Rider ProblemuThe government can decide to provide the public good if the total benefits exceed the costs.uThe government can make everyone better off by providi

13、ng the public good and paying for it with tax revenue.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Some Important Public GoodsuNational DefenseuBasic ResearchuPrograms to Fight PovertyHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Are Lighthouses Pub

14、lic Goods?Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Cost-Benefit AnalysisuIn order to decide whether to provide a public good or not, the total benefits of all those who use the good must be compared to the costs of providing and maintaining the public good.uCost benefit

15、 analysis estimates the total costs and benefits of a good to society as a whole.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Cost-Benefit AnalysisuA cost-benefit analysis would be used to estimate the total costs and benefits of the project to society as a whole.uIt is dif

16、ficult to do because of the absence of prices needed to estimate social benefits and resource costs.uThe value of life, the consumers time, and aesthetics are difficult to assess.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Common ResourcesCommon resources, like public good

17、s, are not excludable. They are available free of charge to anyone who wishes to use them.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Common ResourcesCommon resources are rival goods because one persons use of the common resource reduces other peoples use.Harcourt, Inc. it

18、ems and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Tragedy of the CommonsThe Tragedy of the Commons is a story with a general lesson: When one person uses a common resource, he or she diminishes another persons enjoyment of it.uCommon resources tend to be used excessively when individuals are not

19、 charged for their usage. uThis creates a negative externality.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Examples of Common ResourcesuClean air and wateruOil poolsuCongested roadsuFish, whales, and other wildlifeHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Ha

20、rcourt, Inc.Why Isnt the Cow Extinct?PrivateOwnership and the Profit Motive!Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Importance of Property RightsThe market fails to allocate resources efficiently when property rights are not well-established (i.e. some item of value do

21、es not have an owner with the legal authority to control it).Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Importance of Property RightsWhen the absence of property rights causes a market failure, the government can potentially solve the problem.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.SummaryuGoods differ in whether they are excludable and whether they are rival.uA good is excludable if it is possible to prevent someone from using it.uA good is rival if one persons e