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1、同位语从句讲义及练习清华大学英语系测试:为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站: 清华大学英语教授研究组提供同位语从句讲义及练习一、理解同位语从句的含义,把握同位语从句的实质在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether,what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导,常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclu
2、sion等抽象名词后面,说明该名词的具体内容。换言之,同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系,对其内容作进一步说明。例:The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。析:they had won the game说明The news的全部内容,因此该句为同位语从句。二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词,准确把握同位语从句1.如同位语从句意义完整,应用that引导同位语从句。(即that 不充当任何成分,只起连接作用,不可省略)例:The general gave t
3、he order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。析:the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容,且意义完整,因此应用that引导同位语从句。2.如同位语从句意义不完整,需增加"是否"的含义,应用whether引导同位语从句。(if不能引导同位语从句)例:We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on tim
4、e.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。析:the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整,应加"是否"的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容,因此应用whether引导同位语从句。3.如同位语从句意义不完整,需增加"什么时候"、"什么地点"、"什么方式"等含义,应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。例1:I have no idea when he will be back.析:he will be back意义不完整,应加"什么时候
5、"的含义才能表达idea的全部内容,因此应用when引导同位语从句。例2:I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.析:he went home意义不完整,应加"如何"的含义才能表达impression的全部内容,因此应用how引导同位语从句。4.当主句的谓语较短,而同位语从句较长时,同位语从句常后置。如:The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 三、把握同位语从句和
6、定语从句的区别,明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限同位语从句和定语从句相似,都放在某一名词或代词后面,但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明,是名词全部内容的体现,且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分;定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征,与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系,且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。区分时可以在先行词与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子,如果句子通顺且符合逻辑,则为同位语从句,反之,则为定语从句。如:The report that he was going to resign was false.因为the report was that
7、he was going to resign 句意通顺,所以,that he was going to resign 是同位语从句。例1:1)Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A. while B. that C. when D. as析:答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into uni
8、versities是Information的内容,且Information不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于:2)It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities,this is the information _ has been put forward.A. what B. that C. when D. as析:答案为B。that has been put forward为infor
9、mation的修饰性定语,且information在从句中作主语,所以该句为定语从句。例2:She heard a terrible noise,_ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91)A. it B. which C. this D. that析:答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知,该句为非限制性定语从句,先行词为a terrible noise,且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于:I can't stand the terrible noise _ she is crying
10、 loudly.A. it B. which C. this D. that析:答案为D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容,且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。巩固性练习:1. The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all.A. that B. what C. why D. which2. The fact _ he w
11、as successful proves his ability.A. hat B. what C. which D. why3. The news _ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.A. what B. that C. why D. when4. His suggestion _ the meeting be delayed was turned down.A. which
12、60; B. that C./ D. it5. I have no idea _ he will start.A. when B. that C. what D./6. I've come from the government with a message _ the meeting won't be held tomorrow.A. if B. that C. wh
13、ether D. which7. The thought _ he might fail in the exam worried him.A. when B. which C. what D. that8. The order _ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.A. which B. whether C. that D. what9. The nurses are trying their best to red
14、uce the patient's fear _ he would die of the disease.A. that B. as C. of which D. which10. He often asked me the question _ the work was worth doing.A. whether B. where C. that &
15、#160; D. whenKeys: 1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA同位语从句和定语从句的三点区别同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面:1. 从词类上区别同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词?而定语从句的先行词可以是名词?代词?主句的一部分或是整个主句?如:The possibility that the majority of the labo
16、ur force will work at home is often discussed. (同位语从句)We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.(同位语从句)Word came that he had been abroad. (同位语从句)Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴?(定语从句)The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.你找的那位医生
17、在房间里面?(定语从句)His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他的学习?(定语从句,代词all作先行词?)2. 从性质上区别定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)The news that he told me y
18、esterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?)I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有?(同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言?)The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语?)3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成
19、分上区别有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句?如:That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑?(同位语从句)I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事?(同位语从句)引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替?如:The o
20、rder that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了?(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略?)The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组?(定语从句,是名词order1 开头万能公式一:
21、名人名言 有人问了,“我没有记住名言,怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”,很好办:编! 原理:我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的,包括我们欣赏的文章也是,所以尽管编,但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧? 经典句型: A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言) It goes without saying that we cannot be yo
22、ung forever. (适用于自编名言) 更多经典句型: As everyone knows, No one can deny that 2 开头万能公式二:数字统计 原理:要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的,可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一,但编无妨,只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型: According to a recent survey, about 78.
23、9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的,其实都是编造出来的,下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造: Honesty 根据最近的一项统计调查显示,大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Travel by Bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示,85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。 Youth 根据
24、最近的一项统计调查显示,在某个大学,学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。 Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work? 根据最近的一项统计调查显示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型: A recent statistics shows that 写作绝招 结尾万能公式: 1 结尾万能公式一:如此结论 说完了,毕竟要归纳一番,相信各位都有这样的经历,领导长篇大论,到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话,我们马上停止开小差,等
25、待领导说结束语。也就是说,开头很好,也必然要有一个精彩的结尾,让读者眼前一亮,这样,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子: Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果读者很难“显而见之”,但说无妨,就当读者的眼光太浅罢了! 更多过渡短语: to sum
26、;up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型: Thus, it can be concluded that, Therefore, we can find that 2 结尾万能公式二:如此建议 如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话,那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了,因为这里虽然也是废话,但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语
27、气的句型。拽! Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典,因为考官本来经常考这个句型,而如果我们自己写出来,你说考官会怎么想呢?更多句型: Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. Conseque
28、ntly, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken. 写作绝招 写作的“七项基本原则”: 一、 长 短 句原则 工作还得一张一驰呢,老让读者读长句,累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子,相反,却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主题: Asa creature, I eat; as a man, I rea
29、d. Although one action is to meet theprimary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectualneed of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见,长短句
30、结合,抑扬顿挫,岂不爽哉?牢记! 强烈建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。 二、 主 题 句原则 国有其君,家有其主,文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学,故意把主体隐藏在文章之内,结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句,放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾,让读者一目了然,必会平安无事! 特别提示:隐藏主体句可是要冒险的! To begi
31、n with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questi
32、ons correctly. 三、 一 二 三原则 领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚,条理自然。破解方法很简单,只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。 1)first, second, third, last(不推荐,原因:俗) 2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐,原因:俗) 3)the
33、60;first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐,原因:俗) 4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐,原因:俗) 5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐) 6)t
34、o start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐) 7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐) 8)most important of all, moreover, finally 9)on the one hand, on the other
35、60;hand(适用于两点的情况) 10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)建议:不仅仅在写作中注意,平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚! 四、 短语优先原则 写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果使用短语,有两个好处:其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点,如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,看不到一个自己不认识的短语,必然会看你低一等。相反,如果发现亮点精彩的短语,那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路,只有凑字数,怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如: I cannot bear
36、0;it. 可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达:I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加,表达也更准确。 五、 多实少虚原则 原因很简单,写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词,少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词,应该使用一些诸如generous, humor
37、ous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如: 走出房间,general的词是:walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说:slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说:sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说:dance out of the
38、 room 老人走出房间应该说:stagger out of the room 所以多用实词,少用虚词,文章将会大放异彩! 六、 多变句式原则 1)加法(串联) 都希望写下很长的句子,像个老外似的,可就是怕写错,怎么办,最保险的写长句的方法就是这些,可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说: I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.
39、如果是二者并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式: Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用: besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 2)转折(拐弯抹角) 批评某人缺点的时候,我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点,然后转入正题,再说缺点,这种方式虽然阴险了点,可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢,我们说话的时候,只要在要点之前先来点废话,注意二者之间
40、用个专这次就够了。 The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语: despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite
41、, notwithstanding 3)因果(so, so, so) 昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩,然后我主动搭讪,然后我们去咖啡厅,然后我们认识了,然后我们成为了朋友可见,讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序,先什么,后什么,所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系! The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语: then, therefore, consequently, accordin
42、gly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that4)失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重) 有些人脑袋大,身体小,或者有些人脑袋小,身体大,虽然我们不希望长成这个样子,可如果真的是这样了,也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子,就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句的变形。 举例:This is what I can do. Whether he
43、can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分: When to go, Why he goes away 5)附加(多此一举) 如果有了老婆,总会遇到这样的情况,当你再讲某个人的时候,她会插一句说,我昨天见过他;或者说,就是某某某,如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面,那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。 The man whom you met
44、160;yesterday is a friend of mine. I dont enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单,同位语-要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中,但是whom or th
45、at 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。 6)排比(排山倒海句) 文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此,如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话,那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句,一个个得对偶句,一个个的不定式,一个个地词,一个个的短语,如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势! Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London&
46、#160;for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard,
47、60;to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏) 要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可! 七、 挑战极限原则 既然十挑战极限,必然是比较难的,但是并非不可攀! 原理:在学生的文章中,很少发现诸如独立主格的句子,其实也很简单,只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会,它就是分词的一种特殊形式,
48、分词要求主语一致,而独立主格则不然。比如: The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three time
49、s that of China. 如果您可一些出这样的句子,不得高分才怪! 写作绝招 文章主体段落三大杀手锏: 一、举实例 思维短路,举实例!提出一个观点,举实例!提出一个方案,举实例!而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式,任何情况下,只要我们无法继续文章,不管三七二十一,尽管举例子!Inorder to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted everypossible stimulative factor
50、 in making ads, such as sound, light,colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, toadvertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress tosi
51、t at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fimehim or her.rast 更多句型: To take as an example, One example is, Another example is, for example 二、做
52、比较 方法:写完一个要点,比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点,再比较与之相反的; 世界上没有同样的指纹,没有相同的树叶,文章亦同,只有通过比较,你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through contrast)。下面是一些短语: 相似的比较: in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较: on the other hand, conversely,
53、60;whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with , 这个对 compare and contrast 题型很有用 三、换言之 没话说了,可以换一句话再说,让你的文章在多一些字,或者文邹邹地说,是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。 实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love
54、0;you! I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you. I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you. 或者上面我们举过的例子: I cannot bear
55、it. 可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it. 因此可以这样说:I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it. 更多短语: in more difficult language,
56、 in simpler 同位语从句(Appositive Clauses)一、 概念 1. 同位语:紧跟在名词或代词之后,用于说明该名词或代词是何人、何物的词语叫做同位语。We Chinese love our country. 我们中国人热爱我们的祖国。主语 同位语I, the youngest son in the family, am often taken good care of. 作为年纪最小的儿子的我经常受到最好的照顾。This word, dyeing, is often misspelled. Dyeing这个单词经常被拼错。【活学活用】 我们学
57、生应该努力学习。_ 这是我的名字,Tony。_ 2. 同位语从句:在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。We came to the decision that we must act at once. 我们做出决定:我们必须立即行动。 I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 他是否适合这件工作我有点怀疑。二. 同位语从句的功能及引导词1. 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,置于某些抽象名词之后。换言之,同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系,对其内容作进一步说明。常见的名词有:fact(事实),i
58、dea(想法),news(新闻),belief(信念),message(信息),proposal(建议),proposition(建议),evidence(证据),proof(证据),possibility(可能性),suggestion(建议)等。The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true.他将要去上海的消息是真的。 The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.命令士兵纹丝不动站在原地是将军发出的。2. 引导同位语从句的词通有连词tha
59、t,whether,连接副词how, when, where等。(注:if和which不能引导同位语从句。)例如: 如同位语从句意义完整,应用that引导同位语从句。(即that不充当任何成分,只起连接作用,但不可省略) The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。【活学活用】翻译 你在哪儿听说我不能来?_ 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。_ 如同位语从句意义不完整,需增加“是否”的含义,用whether引导同位语从句。(注:if不能引导同位语从
60、句)Li asked me the question whether the novel was worth reading. 李问我这小说是否值得读。【活学活用】翻译 我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。_ 我不知道他是否回来。_ 如同位语从句意义不完整,需增加“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义,用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。I have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike. 他是怎么回家的,我没有
61、什么印象,也许是骑自行车回家的。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定。【活学活用】翻译 我不知道他何时会离开。_ 他们如何克服困难的,我没有印象。_ 她提出这个问题:我们到哪儿去搞这笔资金。_三、注意事项 1. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)从意义上看:同位语从句所表达的内容与作为中心词的名词短语所表达的内容可以划上一个等号。例如: He heard the news that his team had won. (the n
62、ews= his team had won) He came to the decision that he must act at once. (the decision =he must act at once)或者说,同位语从句可以变为中心词的表语从句,而定语从句则不能: He came to the decision that he must act at once. The decision was that he must act at once. 中心词 表语从句 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true
63、.The news was that we are having a holiday tomorrow. 中心词 表语从句对比:The news that appeared in the papers this morning was well received. (此句为定语从句,the news that appeared in the papers this morning,也不能变成中心词的表语从句:The news was that appeared in the papers this morning。(×))(2)从that从句的语法功能上看:定语从句中的that是属于
64、关系代词既代替先行词,同时可以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分,但也不能省略。试比较:The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)(3)从充当中心词的名词特点上看:充当定语从句的中心词的名词是无限的,而充当同位语从句的的中心词只是有限的一
65、些表示概括意义的抽象名词如:fact(事实),idea(想法),news(新闻),belief(信念),message(信息),proposal(建议),proposition(建议),evidence(证据),proof(证据),possibility(可能性),suggestion(建议)等。 试比较: He put forward the suggestion that the third question should be discussed first. 他提出这么个建议:第三个问题应先予讨论。(同位语从句) The suggestion that he had put forward was turned down. 他提出的这个建议被否决了。(定语从句)【活学活用】请
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