虚拟语气 (2)

1、1虚拟语气虚拟语气一、概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。二、在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。1.真实条件句 : 主将从现 If he comes, he will bring his violin. 2.非真实条件句条件从句(if)的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在事实相反一般过去式 (be-were)would / could / might / should +V.原形与过去事实相反过去完成式 had +donewould /co

2、uld / might / should have done与将来事实相反一般过去式 should + V.原形were to dowould / could / might / should V.原形a. If they were here, they would help you. If she had time, she would go with you.b. If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.C. If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you shoul

3、d succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. 三、混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today

4、 (现在). 四、.虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或 had, 可将 if 省略，再把 were, should 或 had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。1）Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.2）Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.3）Should it rain, the cro

5、ps would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.五、特殊的虚拟语气词： should11 1) ) 在在在主主主语语语从从从句句句中中中的的的应应应用用用 It is insisted/ ordered/command/ suggested /advised/ proposedrequired/demanded/requested/asked that+ (should) doIt is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week It is important

6、 /necessary/ natural/strange that+ (should) doIt is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrowIt is a pity/ a shame/no wonder that+ (should) doIt is a great pity that he should be so selfish。真遗憾，他竟然那么自私。22 2）在在在宾宾宾语语语从从从句句句中中中的的的应应应用用用 ：在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中一个坚持： insist 两个命令： order, co

7、mmand三个建议： suggest, advise, propose 四个要求： demand, require, ask, desireThe examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator. 考官要求学生不要使用计算器。The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent. 工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。They requested that he (should) sing a song. 他们

8、要求他唱一首歌。2注意：动词 suggest 和 insist 后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。1）suggest 作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作 “使想起、暗示 ”解时，用陈述语气。His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。2）insist 作“坚决要求，坚持要某人做某事时 ”解时，用虚拟语气，作 “坚持认为”解时，用陈述语气。He insists tha

9、t doing morning exercises does good to their health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。（强调）He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早操。（要求）33 3）在在在表表表语语语从从从句句句，同同同位位位语语语从从从句句句中中中的的的应应应用用用在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。My idea is that we

10、 (should) get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 六、虚拟语气特殊句型： 1.wish 的宾语从句 2. If only ”要是就好了” 意思等同 wish3. as if /though + Clause4. Would rather that5.Its (about/high) time +that -用过去式或用 should 加动词原形，但 should 不可省略 It is time that the child

11、ren went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed.6.without 和 but for 构成虚拟。 but for“要不是” Without sunlight, peoples life would be different from today. But for your help, I wouldnt have finished the work.十、带有 even if/ even though 引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如 :

12、 Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他都去办公室。Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem at once, too. 即使他在这里，他也不能立即解决这个问题。 （事实上他没有在这里。 ） Even though she had been very busy, she would have helped us.即使当时她很忙，她还是会帮助我们的。 （事实上她当时并不十分忙，故帮助了我们） 。十一、情态动词+have done(一)表示虚

13、拟1.could+ have done 表示过去没有实现的可能性，意为“本来可以（可能） ”。如：You could have done better, but you didnt try your best.现在：过去时（ were) I wish I were a bird. I wish I knew the answer. 过去：过去完成时 I wish she had taken my advice.未来：would/could/might+V. I wish you would stay an hour longer 现在/未来：过去时 I would rather she set

14、 out to do the work now. I would rather she paid me the money tomorrow. 过去：过去完成时 I would rather you hadnt told him the news that day.现在：过去时（ were) She loves the students as if / though they were her own children 过去：过去完成时 It seems as if he had met her before.未来：would/could/might+V. It looks as if he

15、would not marry her.If only we knew where to look for him. 如果我们知道上哪里找找他就好了。If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。If only it would stop raining this afternoon. 但愿下午雨能停。32. should/ought to + have done 表示“本该做某事而没做” You failed again. You should have done it much better.shouldnt/ ought not to + hav

16、e done”表示“本不该做的事情却做了”。 You should not climbed that hill. You might have killed yourself.3. would rather +have done 意为“当时宁愿做了某事”。 would rather not have done 表示“当时宁愿没做了某事”，两者都有“后悔”之意。如：a. I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.b. I would rather have refused his o

17、ffer.4. had better + have done 用于事后的建议，含有轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”。其否定形式 “had better not have done”表示相反的含义。如：a. Youd better have started earlier. b. Youd better not have scolded her.(二) 过去情况的推测1. must + have done 表示对过去情况的肯定推测，意为“想必，准是，一定”。如：It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.3may

18、/might + have done 一般只用于肯定句或否定句，不用于疑问句，表示对过去情况不肯定的推测，意为“也许已经”。 a. Its too late. I think he may have gone to bed.b. They might not have considered me as their friend.主谓一致主谓一致 Subject-Subject- VerbVerb AgreementAgreement主谓一致指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football.可分为:语法一致, 内容一

19、致, 就近一致.(一) 语法一致原则:即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项:1.单数主语即使后面带有 with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数. 如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质. No one except two servants was l

20、ate for the dinner. 除了 两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐2.用 and 连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物)用 and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.3.不定式(短语), 动名词(短语),

21、或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如:Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了.4.用连接的并列主语被 each, every 或 no 修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没

22、有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙.5.each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说6.若主语中有 more than one 或 many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数. 但 more+复数名词+than one 做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball.

23、 许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们.7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人. None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急.8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须

24、用复数. 如:4His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜.9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以 ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night ; 以及 The United Nations 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 10. “a +名词+and a half “,

25、 “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词” 等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 复数名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 参观了一两个地点.(二) 内容一致原则: 1.主语中有 all, half, most, the rest 等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:The rest of the bik

26、es are on sale today. 剩下的自行车, 今天出售.60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 这个苹果的 60%都被这个小男孩吃了.Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的苹果都是烂的.Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了.2. 不定数量的词组, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of 等作主语时, 谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:A p

27、art of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科书已运到.A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了.3. 加减乘除用单数.如: Fifteen minus five is ten . 15 减去 5 等于 10.4. 表示时间, 金钱, 距离, 度量等的名词做主语时, 尽管是复数形式, 它们做为一个单一的概念时, 其谓语动词用单数.如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一个相当的距离.5. (1) 通常作复数的集体名词. 包括 police , people, cattle 等, 这些集体名词通常用作复数.如: The British police have only very limited powers. (2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词. 包括 equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等