第五章 不良地质现象及防治ppt课件

1、第五章 不良地质现象及防治第一节第一节 Collapse崩塌）崩塌）软硬岩软硬岩层相间层相间不利的结不利的结构面组合构面组合岩性、节理与崩塌的关系岩性、节理与崩塌的关系崩塌的防治方法崩塌的防治方法挡墙挡墙护坡护坡支撑垛支撑垛钢轨钢轨插别插别钢轨钢轨拦石网拦石网防崩塌明洞防崩塌明洞崩塌的防治崩塌的防治第二节第二节 landslide滑坡）滑坡） 一一.The definition of landslide The soil or rock body slide down along the fixed sliding surface on the action of gravity. The h

2、appening of landslide may cause the damage of building , endanger human life, also cause the artifical earthquake. 滑坡形态描述滑坡形态描述滑坡体滑坡体Sliding body 滑坡床滑坡床Sliding bed滑坡壁滑坡壁cliff滑坡面滑坡面Sliding surface扇形张裂缝扇形张裂缝Fan-haped tensive cracks滑坡舌滑坡舌鼓胀鼓胀裂缝裂缝Swelling cracks 剪裂缝剪裂缝Shear cracks 滑坡周界滑坡周界滑坡滑坡台阶台阶二二.The

3、 feature of different part of landslide .The feature of different part of landslide Tension cracks三三.The classification of landslide .The classification of landslide 1. Accord to the materials difference of sliding body 2 According to the mechanics condition 3 according to the landslide scale size 划

4、划 分分依依 据据名称类型名称类型滑滑 坡坡 的的 特特 征征按按滑滑坡坡物物质质组组成成成成分分覆覆盖盖层层滑滑坡坡粘性土滑粘性土滑坡坡粘性土本身变形滑动，或与其他成因的土层接触面或沿基岩接触面而滑动粘性土本身变形滑动，或与其他成因的土层接触面或沿基岩接触面而滑动黄土滑坡黄土滑坡不同时期的黄土层中的滑坡，井多群集出现，常见于高阶地前缘斜坡上不同时期的黄土层中的滑坡，井多群集出现，常见于高阶地前缘斜坡上碎石滑坡碎石滑坡各种不同成因类型的堆积层体内滑动或沿基岩面滑动各种不同成因类型的堆积层体内滑动或沿基岩面滑动风化壳滑风化壳滑坡坡风化壳表层间的滑动。多见于岩浆岩风化壳表层间的滑动。多见于岩浆岩(

5、 (尤其是花岗岩尤其是花岗岩) )风化壳中风化壳中基基岩岩滑滑坡坡均质滑坡均质滑坡发生在层理不明显的泥岩，页岩，泥灰岩等软弱岩层中，滑动面均匀光滑发生在层理不明显的泥岩，页岩，泥灰岩等软弱岩层中，滑动面均匀光滑切层滑坡切层滑坡滑动面与层面相切的滑坡，在坚硬岩层与软弱岩层相互交替的岩体中的切层滑坡等滑动面与层面相切的滑坡，在坚硬岩层与软弱岩层相互交替的岩体中的切层滑坡等顺层滑坡顺层滑坡沿岩层面或裂隙面滑动，或沿坡积层与基岩交界面或基岩间不整合面等滑动沿岩层面或裂隙面滑动，或沿坡积层与基岩交界面或基岩间不整合面等滑动特殊滑坡特殊滑坡如融冻滑坡、陷落滑坡等如融冻滑坡、陷落滑坡等按滑坡按滑坡体厚度体厚

6、度浅层滑坡浅层滑坡滑坡体厚度在滑坡体厚度在6m6m以内以内中层滑坡中层滑坡6 620m20m左右左右深层滑坡深层滑坡202030m30m左右左右超深层滑坡超深层滑坡超过超过30m30m以上以上按滑坡按滑坡规模大规模大小小小型滑坡小型滑坡滑坡体体积小于滑坡体体积小于3 3万万m3m3中型滑坡中型滑坡3 35050万万m3m3大型滑坡大型滑坡5050300300万万m3m3巨型滑坡巨型滑坡超过超过300300万万m3m3按形成按形成年代年代新滑坡新滑坡由于开挖山体所形成的滑坡由于开挖山体所形成的滑坡古滑坡古滑坡久已存在的滑坡，其中又可分为死滑坡、活滑坡、及处于极限平衡状态的滑坡久已存在的滑坡，其中

7、又可分为死滑坡、活滑坡、及处于极限平衡状态的滑坡按力学按力学条件条件牵引式滑坡牵引式滑坡滑坡体下部先行变形滑动，上部失去支撑力量，因而随着变形滑动滑坡体下部先行变形滑动，上部失去支撑力量，因而随着变形滑动推动式滑坡推动式滑坡上部先滑动、挤压下部引起变形和滑动上部先滑动、挤压下部引起变形和滑动表表6-1 6-1 滑坡类型及其特征表滑坡类型及其特征表 四、四、 The analysis influence factors of sliding The influence factor can be considered as the factors which have the contribut

8、ion to the change of safety factor (K) slope appearance slop high; slope angle, slope shape rock and soils properties soft rock (shale, sand rock) soil with montmorillonite which is easy to absorb water and expanding. structure the condition of strata plane, joint, fault, (dip angle, dip direction)

9、water to soft rock and soil earthquakes to stimulate the liquefaction(液化) to produce the inertia force to rock or soil body artificial factors improper cutting slope putting on (piling) (over lapping) soil or building structure 五、五、The mechanics analysis and influencing factorThe mechanics analysis

10、and influencing factorsinQT cosQN QL：坡角在平行滑面上的分力在垂直滑面上的分力滑体的重力QTQNQ:不平衡极限平衡稳定111TFforceslippingtotalforceslippingantitotalK土层均匀时：1122dQRLdQMMFfSrs滑坡力学平衡示意图滑坡力学平衡示意图折线滑面的滑坡稳定计算示意图折线滑面的滑坡稳定计算示意图六、六、the control (harness) of land slipping Control principle(防治原则防治原则) first prevention ; second harnessThe

11、controlling measure方法）方法） Discharging water (surface water and ground water ）Landslide ground Water Drainage WorksDeep foundation works would be enforced according to the thrust of the landslide and depth of the sliding surface under such conditions that ordinary piles would not work well enough. In

12、 the Kamenose area, these works have been carried out mainly with ferroconcrete piles of 3.5x4.0 meters in diameter and 30 x60 meters in length. At present, the works are enforced with larger structures of 6.5 meters in diameter and 100 meters in length. Prestressed AnchorsAnchored Walls for Landslides挡土墙抗滑桩锚固工程树枝状排水系统树枝状排水系统地下排水地下排水滑坡的支挡加固滑坡的支挡加固第三节第三节 mudflow泥石流）泥石流）泥石流的形成条件：泥石流的形成条件：1、大量的碎屑物质：山区：崩落、洪积、坡积物丰富，、大量的碎屑物质：山区：崩落、洪积、坡积物丰富，为泥石流提供了碎屑来源；为泥石流提供了碎屑来源；2、储存碎屑的地形：三面环山，一面有出口的洼地中，、储存碎屑的地形：三面环山，一面有出口的洼地中，不可陡不可陡20；3、充分的水源：降水量大的地区，雨、雪、冰雪融水，、充分的水源：降水量大的地区，雨、雪、冰雪融水，为泥石流提供了充足的水源。干旱地区不易形成