《英语写作》复习资料

1、英语写作复习资料Part One : The Book Report1. What is a book report usually composed of?_ information about the writer ( his name, the book he has finished, the years of his birth and death, the publisher of the book)_ a summary of the book ( the story and main characters)_ some comments on the book ( person

2、al interpretation of the meaning of the book)2. The summary should be concise, clear and easy to understand.3. As for the tense of the book report, if it is a novel or a play or a science fiction, the present tense is more appropriate while the past tense is required for nonfiction such as history b

3、ooks.Part Two : The Whole Composition1. When writing a composition , pay attention to three guide lines:_ whatever kind of paper at hand for the first draft. But regular office paper ( size B5 or A4) is usually required._ As for the margin, two and a half centimeters for the top, bottom and the left

4、 margins, however, five centimeters for the right-side margin._ As for the title, it is always put in the middle of the first line. And capitalize the first letter of each word ( except articles, short prepositions and coordinating conjunctions such as and, or, but, nor, for, and the to in infinitiv

5、es.2. Before starting your composition, remember these points:_ indent the first line_ write on every other line_ leave one space after any punctuation mark3. Outline a. Decide on a topic b. Formulating a thesis: A good thesis should be clear and specific c. Collecting details4. Types of Writing A.

6、Narration _ guidelines of effective narration _ present the events of your narration in a logical and coherent order _ select details carefully _ show as well as tell _ choose a point of view and perspective for your topic and audience _ focus your narration and limit the scope of the event B. Descr

7、iption a. some particular devices employed in description: _ careful word choice _ sensory details _ figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personification b. when describing a person, pay attention to: _ what are the persons characteristic features? _ How can you reveal the persons personalities, tho

8、ughts, and feelings in what he/she says and does? _ Does the person have any peculiarities to impress the reader?c. In describing a place, you are supposed to follow a clear spatial order, either from distance to vicinity or vice versa, or from left to right, from top to bottom or vice versa.d. Desc

9、ription of a scene includes 3 essential parts: the setting, the people, and the actions.C. Exposition1) What is exposition: it answers questions of how something works, how something happens, what the outcome of a certain event may be, or why a certain situation exists.2) The characteristics of expo

10、sition: significant, clear, objective, economical, interesting3) Three parts of an expository paper: introduction, the thesis statement, concluding paragraph.4) Strategies of exposition: example, process analysis, division and classification, caue and effect, comparison and contrastD. Argumentation1

11、) The primary purpose of an argumentative essay is: to convince the audience to believe or do something that they are not now believing or doing.2) Argumentative thesis should pass:a. The thesis is worth taking a stand about. Its not trivial or obvious.b. It requires evidence and support.c. It is no

12、t just personal reference.d. It is not a fact, not something that can be verified in a record book.e. It is specific enough that you can make a good case for it.3) Focus on the concerns and knowledge of an appropriate audience.4) Fit evidence to the argumentative thesis5) Develop evidence with adequ

13、ate and appropriate support. The ways are:a. Definition of important termsb. Verifiable factc. Example, including personal experienced. Recognized authority on the subjecte. Quotations, especially form an authorityf. Statistics6) Provide clear and obvious connections.Part Three : Process of Writing

14、a Research Paper1. Choosing a suitable topicA. Finding a topic: choose a subject in which you have a personal interest.B. Narrowing the topic: narrow your topic to a manageable size.2. How to research?A. Exploring the library: define what you are looking for and then where you can find it.B. Followi

15、ng a search strategy: move from general reference works such as encyclopedias to specific books and specific books and specific magazine and newspaper articles.C. Preparing bibliography cards._ For books, you should take down:a. Call numberb. All authors; any editors or translatorsc. Title and subti

16、tled. Publishing information: city, publishing company, and date_ For periodical articles, you need:a. All authors of the articlesb. Title and subtitle of the articlec. Title of the magazine, journal, or newspaperd. Date and page numberse. Volume and issue numbers, if relevantE. Reading and taking n

17、otes3. The thesis and outlineA. Three functions of the thesisa. It establishes a boundary around the subject.b. It can chart an orderly course for the essay.c. It gives the reader an idea of what to expect.B. Constructing a preliminary outline4. Preparing the first drafta. Arriving at a thesisb. Goi

18、ng over the note cards. Having more notes than you can usec. Organizing the cards in orderd. Sketching an outline and breaking down the thesis into listing of topics5. The MLA style6. Endnotes and footnotesa. Endnote are placed on a separate page, coming between the end of the paper and the Works Ci

19、ted page.b. Footnotes are put at the bottom of the page on which you insert your note number.7.Spacing and punctuation8. Preparing a list of works citedPart Four : A Sample Research Paper1. Title page2. Abstract3. Outline4. Main body of the paper5. Notes6. Works Cited英语写作教学大纲第一章：读书报告( The Book Repor

20、t)学习本章的目的和要求了解读书报告的几个主要组成部分，掌握读书报告的基本写法。撰写读书报告可以帮助应考生对小说体裁中的故事情节和人物、对非小说体裁作品的内容加深理解，提高写作水平。本章的学习要点I. Major Parts of the Book Reportinformation about the writersummary of the bookcomments on the book本章的考核目标1. The balanced composition of a book report2. A subjective summary of the central theme of the

21、 book3. Personal interpretation and historical signification of the book第二章 完整的文章(The Whole Composition)学习本章的目的和要求了解一篇完整的文章应该包括的几个主要部分，文章的格式应该注意的事项，掌握英语文章的四种写作方式一记叙文、描写文、说明文和议论文。本章的学习要点I. The Format of the Paperthe marginsthe position of the titlethe capitalization of the words in the titlethe punct

22、uation in the titlethe indention of each paragraphII. Outline of the Paperchoosing good topicsavoid topics too broad or too narrowformulating a thesiscontrolling ideasupporting detailssentence outline and topic outlinesimple and complicated outlinesthe layers of an outlineIII. The Four Types of Writ

23、ingnarrative writingthe order of events in-narration,determine the scope of eventsthe techniques of narrative writingdescriptive writingthe use of sensesfigures of 'speechthe techniques of descriptive writingdescribing a persondescribing a placedescribing an objectdescribing a sceneexpository wr

24、itingthe characteristics of expository writingways of starting the essayways of announcing and limiting the subjectways of providing necessary information related to ti topicways of leading to and setting up'the thesis statemenlways of arresting the reader's attentionexemplificationprocess a

25、nalysisthe directional type of process analysisthe informative type of process analysisthe organization of a process paperdivision and classification .cause and effectthe organization of the causal analysis essaycomparison and contrastsimilarities and differencescoordinate structureanalogyargumentat

26、ive writingargumentative thesisdetermine the audienceprovide evidenceprovide concrete supportauthorityquotationstatisticsthe techniques of argumentative writingorganization and connections本章的考核目标1. The correct format of a research paper2. Making topics3. Sentence and topic outlines4. Simple and comp

27、licated outlines5. The techniques of narrative writing6. The techniques of descriptive writing7. The characteristics of expository writing8. Ways of composing an exemplification paper9. Ways of composing an process analysis paper10. The directional type of process analysis11. The informative type of

28、 process analysis12. Ways of composing a division and classification paper13. Ways of composing a cause and effect paper14. Ways of composing a comparison and contrast paper15. The techniques of argumentative writing第三章 论文写作步骤（Process of Writing a Research Paper）学习本章的目的和要求了解和掌握论文写作的各主要环节与步骤，如确定题目、查找

29、资料、准备书目卡片、立论以及提纲等。同时要熟练掌握原文引用格式和脚注、尾注使用。I. Decide on a topicfind an appropriate topicnarrow the topic to a manageable sizeII. The Method of Researchexplore the librarydecide on the subject matterfollow a certain order of researchtypes of sourcesevaluate source materialsthe reading of source material

30、swrite down the information on the research cardsIII. Prepare the thesis and the outlineestablish the thesisthe functions of the thesiswrite an outlineIV. The First Draftorganize the notesexpand the notesincorporate the notesV. Follow the MLA styledirect and indirect quotationsacknowledgment of sour

31、ce materialsforms of notesthe works cited page本章的考核目标1. The ability to fix a topic, not too broad, not too narrow.2. The procedures of research.3. The composition of the thesis.4. Organize the ideas and put them down in a form of an outline.5. Organize the notes and expand them into the first draft.

32、6. The correct use of the MLA style of in-text citations7. The various ways of acknowledging sources of research.8. The format of the Works Cited page.9. The order of the authors in the Works Cited page.第四章 范文(A Sample Research Paper)学习本章的目的和要求熟悉和掌握论文的整体要求和论文的五个组成部分；title page, abstract, outline, ma

33、in body of the paper, notes和 works cited page .the format of the title pagethe format d the abstractthe format of the outlinethe format of the main body of the paperthe format of the notesthe format of the works cited page本章的考核目标The correct format of a complete research paper英语写作课程作业1Now read the fo

34、llowing texts, and classify them in terms of the types of writing. Do this by completing the table that follows the extractA. Rounding the comer in the darkness he reached out his hand for his bicycle only to find his fingers closing on empty air. He felt about. Nothing. 'Where's the bloody

35、light,' he muttered, groping along the wail, the paint powdering under his touch. Finally he found the switch but the dim bulb only confirmed what by now he expected. The corridor contained nothing but its usual assortment of crumpled cigarette packets. The bicycle had gone.B. Tenants are warned

36、 to take extra precautions with their bicycles due to a recent spate of cycle thefts in the area. You are advised to ensure that your cycle is left securely locked at all times. Report any suspicious incidents to the Janitor Immediately. We hope to install a bicycle rack where tenants can chain thei

37、r bicycles near the entrance in the near future. In the Interim we reiterate the need for caution.C. Bicycle thefts soarThieves have stolen more than 200 bicycles in the local region over the past month according to county police headquarters.TargetedIt appears that the area has been systematically

38、targeted by a professional gang,' commented Detective Inspector John Wilson, who has taken charge of the investigation into the sudden rash of thefts. 'We're doing all we can, but these gangs are very mobile and it is often difficult to predict where they will strike next.'CutOne loc

39、al resident, Mr. Charles Pike of Windsor Avenue, Bare, has lost three bicycles within the last fortnight. 'The first was taken from outside the house,' he said. 'I got another one and chained that to the railings, but they just cut through the chain.'Dustbin'I suppose I should ha

40、ve given up then, but I thought it couldn't happen three times. So I bought another and an extra strong chain and chained it to the dustbin in the yard last Wednesday night. When I came down in the morning that bike had gone too and the dustbin with it!'AbroadOnce gone bikes are usually gone

41、 for good. Victims stand little chance of ever seeing them again. 'We think they probably get put in a container by the gang and shipped abroad,' commented Inspector Wilson.D. Arriving home tonight I found my bike had gone. Someone had evidently climbed over the back gate, sawn through the c

42、hain and then presumably just calmly ridden off on it. I only wish I'd got home earlier and got my hands on the so-and-so who did it. Mind you, I suppose I should have taken more care and left it inside. I remember you telling me about the time you had your bike stolen together with your dustbin

43、! I must say I thought you were pulling my leg at the time but now I can well believe it. Luckily the bike was insured, but it's going to be a lot of trouble finding one just as good. Had to go all the way to Manchester for the last one.E. Bicycle theft has undergone significant changes in the p

44、ast ten years. As Chalmen (1996) demonstrates, cycle theft is no longer the preserve of the individual petty thief operating alone. Such criminals still exist, of come, but they have been joined by much better organized and equipped gangs. It is the advent of these gangs which accounts for the rapid

45、 rise in the crime figures for cycle thefts. These have risen by 200 per cent over the last three years alone (Home Office, 1996:104). As we shall see when we come to examine these in detail below, the causes for this rise are complex. Nevertheless there can be no doubt that prominent among them is

46、the ease with which goods can now be shipped across borders within the European Union. It was always intended, of course, that the Union would increase trade between its member states. It was not realized, however, that this increase would foster the growth of illegal as well as legal trade.Now comp

47、lete the following table.TextType of TextABCDE2. Read these sentences carefully and rearrange them in the correct order.1). Common to the farmer arriving from Italy, the young girl escaping small town life, the hopeful young author from the Midwest there is felt for the city, as White puts it, '

48、the intense excitement of first love'.2). And finally there is the New York of those born elsewhere who have come to the city to seek their fortune.3). First there is the New York of the native New Yorker, of those born within the city who take it for granted.4). It is from this last group that

49、New York derives its uniqueness. It is to them that the city owes its 61an.5). E. B. White once said that there is not one New York, but three.6). Next there is the New York of the commuters who travel in from the suburbs every morning and who desert the city once again at night._3. Here is the list

50、 of points on capital punishment Wing Ling has jotted down Study the points and then put them in order to construct an argument.1). Capital punishment also makes it impossible to correct wrongful convictions2). Similarly some countries have abolished capital punishment.3). If capital punishment is a

51、 more effective deterrent than imprisonment one would expect to find fewer murders in the state with capital punishment than in the state without it.4). Had capital punishment still been in force there would have been no way of correcting such mistakes.5). Capital punishment, the use of the death pe

52、nalty as a punishment, is unjust and should be abolished.6). If capital punishment were a more effective punishment one would expect the murder rate to rise when it is abolished and to fall when it is reintroduced.7). Indeed, this has been the case in the past, for when Britain did have capital puni

53、shment for murder, a number of cases occurred where people were hanged for crimes which it was subsequently discovered were committed by others. 8). In America there are a number of neighboring states where the death penalty for murder is used in one but has been abolished in the other.9). Once again, however, the statistics re