[0057]《英语词汇学》

1、西南大学   网络与继续教育学院课程代码：   0057        学年学季：20182窗体顶端单项选择题1、This story is a _ to divert the public attention away from the issue.1.  blue moon2.  black horse3.  red herring  4.  green hand2、Come on! Cheer up! Dont just sit here

2、as stiff as a _.1.  poker  2.  patient3.  queen4.  king3、Overjoyed to see his long-lost friend, Jimmy _ a toast to the health of them all.1.  suggested2.  spoke3.  proposed   4.  raised4、You were not seriously injured. Dont make a _ out of

3、a _.1.  mountain, molehill  2.  mount, molehill3.  hill, molehill4.  molehill, mountain5、The figure of speech employed in “The past is a bucket of ashes” is _.1.  euphemism2.  litotes3.  irony4.  metaphor  6、Our work calls fo

4、r mutual support. We shouldnt _ each other's efforts.1.  active2.  interact3.  counteract  4.  activate7、They all thought that she and her boyfriend were _.1.  birds of a kind2.  birds of a type3.  birds of a breed4. 

5、0;birds of a feather  8、After a meal in a restaurant, you ask the waiter for the _.1.  note2.  receipt3.  bill  4.  menu9、Exercise seems to benefit the brain power of the healthy and the sick, the young and the old _.1.  alike  2.  included

6、3.  alive4.  through10、Words with such clusters as “ch”, “ph”, “pn”, “rh” as in chasm, phone, pneumatic and rhetoric are most probably of _ origin.1.  German2.  Chinese3.  Greek4.  Latin  11、I waited for Tom for ages, but he didnt _.1.

7、  turn in2.  turn up  3.  turn on4.  turn out12、He was _ of having asked such a silly question.1.  miserable2.  guilty3.  sorry4.  ashamed  13、I took only a _ of beans with me and left.1.  hand2.  han

8、dful  3.  handy4.  handed14、1. According to the divine-source theory, language _.1.  the result of our ancestors imitating natural sounds around them2.  originated from human physiological adaptation3.  originated from the link between physical gestures and orally

9、produced sounds4.  is given by God  15、Choked traffic has been a(n) _ to urban transportation system.1.  archenemy  2.  main enemy3.  major enemy4.  primary enemy16、Flying in an airplane was once thought to be an impossible _.1.  

10、task  2.  problem3.  promise4.  profession17、No new ideas _ from the meeting.1.  merged2.  submerged3.  emerged  4.  immerged18、The scientists realized it would be too _ to ship all people in one boat because it was fragile.1.  dangero

11、us2.  risky  3.  daring4.  bold19、I took the children to the zoo to _ for the party they missed yesterday.1.  make away2.  make up  3.  make it4.  make of20、The Old English word stn means _ in modern English.1.  stalig2. 

12、0;stole3.  stain4.  stone  21、In “Elizabeth could hear voices through the open door”, the word door means _.1.  the moveable barrier in the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, car, etc.  2.  the channel to a certain place3.  None of the abov

13、e4.  the panel board22、Communication is the process of _ a message from a source to an audience via a channel.1.  transforming2.  transmitting  3.  switching4.  submitting23、Which of the following usually appears in poems？_1.  nag  2.  steed3. &

14、#160;horse4.  gee-gee24、According to _, human language is the result of evolution.1.  the divine-source theory2.  the oral-gestural theory3.  the glossogenetic theory  4.  the natural-sound theory25、Among the four prefixes in the following, _ is NOT a quantity pref

15、ix.1.  an-  2.  di-3.  multi-4.  mono-判断题26、In the Middle English period, English lost most of its inflections.1. A.  2. B.×27、Human languages are derived from the natural sounds around and are thus onomatopoeic in nature.1. A.2. B.×  28、Th

16、ere exists a natural relation between the sound and meaning of a word.1. A.2. B.×  29、Words can be moved around without destroying the grammaticality of the sentence.1. A.  2. B.×30、Farewell is shortened from Fare thee well.1. A.  2. B.×31、With

17、the aid of jargons, people of certain field can communicate effectively and economically.1. A.  2. B.×32、There is no principled clear-cut between the lexicon of a language and its grammar.1. A.  2. B.×33、The synchronic approach to word meaning focuses on the semant

18、ic changes over time.1. A.2. B.×  34、In the sentence, “I presume that you are Dr. Livingstone”, presume can be replaced by “suppose”.1. A.  2. B.×35、The meaning of words can be equated with what they refer to in the real world.1. A.2. B.× &

19、#160;36、Words loved, cherished, fainted and swirled all share the same grammatical meaning, i.e., “past tense”.1. A.  2. B.×37、“sense”, as a term in semantics, denotes the relationship between words within language.1. A.  2. B.×38、Absolute

20、synonyms are not easy to found in any language.1. A.  2. B.×39、In standard AmE, the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board, park, etc.1. A.  2. B.×40、Lexicology is focused exclusively on lexical words or contents words.1. A.

21、2. B.×  41、Man is a word, a root, a stem and a free morpheme as well.1. A.  2. B.×42、There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.1. A.  2. B.×43、webinar is formed by blending web and seminar, meaning “an online semina

22、r or conference”.1. A.  2. B.×44、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal. 1. A.2. B.×  45、The prototype of a category is independent from context.1. A.2. B.×  主观题46、grammatical meaning 参考答案：Grammatical meani

23、ng refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships of functions, such as tense meaning, part of speech of words, singular and plural meanings of words, etc. 47、melioration参考答案：Melioration refers to the process whereby words with humble origins are gradually used in posi

24、tive, or at least neutral contexts. For example, “queen” originally means “a woman”, but now it is used to refer to the female ruler of a state. 48、semantic loan参考答案：A semantic loan is a word or expression that has developed a new meaning or new meanings due to the influence of a related word in ano

25、ther language. For example, the English word “dream”, for instance, which originally meant joy, music, has taken its modern meaning from the Norse. 49、jargon 参考答案：Jargon are languages peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group. For example, RAM, ROM, Hard Disk, CPU,  etc. are all

26、 jargons of computer science. 50、free phrase参考答案：Free phrases refer to any group of words or expressions carrying meaning. For example, “three British  experts” is a free phrase in the sense that each of the elements, if needed, can be altered, such as “two Chinese  students”, “100 Af

27、rican men”, “20 read apples”, etc., each of which carries a meaning different from the others. 51、morpheme参考答案：Morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function that cannot be further analyzed, e.g. -ly,  dog, hand, etc. 52、root参考答案：A root is the morpheme in a word functionin

28、g as the core of the meaning. For example, in “disliked”, “like” is  the part left with its prefix “dis” and suffix “ed” crossed out, but “like” carries the meaning common to both “dislike”,  and “liked”. 53、subjectification参考答案：Subjectification refers to the process by

29、 which the meaning of a given word changes from relatively objective to increasingly subjective. For example, “very” originally meant “true” or “real”, which are objective descriptive, such as , very knight meant “true knight”. Presently, “very” is mainly a subjective adverb with

30、 personal evaluation. When I say “It is very hot”, the degree of “hotness” is out of my own personal evaluation. 54、What is lexical meaning and what are its different types?参考答案：Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is regarded as bei

31、ng identical in all the forms of the word. Lexical meaning can be divided into five different types, i.e. conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning and collocative meaning, each of which will be illustrated in the following:1) Conceptual meaning,

32、also known as denotative meaning or logical meaning, is assumed to be the most basic and central factor in linguistic communication and stays at the core of semantic study. The conceptual meaning of a word indicates the concept, and is thus relatively stable. See the following examples:  &

33、#160; bachelor: +HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE, MARRIED  spinster: +HUMAN, +ADULT, MALE,MARRIED  wife: +HUMAN, +ADULT, MALE, +MARRIED2) Connotative meaning or connotation is the additional meaning that a word possesses beyond its central or conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning indicates the

34、 associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of the word. See the following examples:  boy  conceptual meaning  +HUMAN, +MALE, ADULTconnotative meaning  lovable, naughty, noisy, irritating, etc.Connotative meanings or connotations often tend to be variable accordin

35、g to society, time, culture, and even the experience of the individual.  e.g. “西风” vs. “west wind”: share the same denotation, the wind blowing from the west     “西风”:  sadness, bitterness, coldness, departure, etc.     “west wind” in Britain: agreeable figure

36、 associated with spring and flowers3) Social meaning of words refers to the information about the potential social circumstances where the words are appropriate to be used. Social meaning varies according to the following factors:DIALECT (e.g. the language of geographical region or of a social

37、class)TIME (e.g. the language of the eighteenth century, etc.)PROVINCE (e.g. language of law, of science, of advertising, etc.)STATUS (e.g. polite, colloquial, slang, etc.)SINGULARITY (e.g. the style of Dickens, of Hemingway, etc.)4) Affective meaning conveys the personal emotions and attitudes of a

38、 language user, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something that he is talking about. In the following, words in Column A are affective positive while those in Column B are negative in meaning.A            Bslim     

39、0;   skinnynew          unproveninexpensive    cheap5) Collocative meaning is part of the word meaning suggested by its relations with the words it can co-occur. It refers to the grammatical or syntactic restrictions on how words can be used together.e.g. 

40、0;pretty vs. handsome.Although these two words share common ground in expressing the meaning of “good-looking”, they may be distinguished by the range of nouns they modify or (in the linguists term) collocate with. 55、What is a compound and what is a free phrase? How can compound and free phrases be

41、 distinguished?参考答案：Compounds refer to words formed by compounding or combining two or more stems. Free phrase is similar to “expression”. It refers to any group of words with a idiomatic meaning. Compounds are similar to free phrases in structure, but compounds and free phrases are essent

42、ially different and can be distinguished by phonetic features, semantic features and grammatical features.1) Phonetic difference: Stress in compounds tends to fall on the initial element while that of free phrases is apt to fall on the final element. See the following examplesCompounds

43、60;   Free phrases'green house     green 'house'blackboard black 'board'White House     white 'houseThis rule of distinction is not always reliable.e.g. scholar 'activist, Mansion 'Avenue, May 'Flowers, silk 'tie.2) Semantic diffe

44、rences: A compound is a semantic gestalt/gt:lt/ that expresses a single idea just like a word.e.g. green house : a building with glass walls and roof for the cultivation and exhibition of plants under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, illumination, while the free phrase green house means a house in green color.The meanings of the constitu