gile吉尔理论

1、Giles Effort Models for interpreting导入部分(tom的部分)Are you acquainted with Daniel Giles Effort Models for interpreting? What do they mean in theory and imply in the daily practice? Just listen if youd like to find out.The Effort ModelsDaniel Gile proposed his Effort Models to help interpreters understa

2、nd the“difficulties of interpreting and select appropriate strategies and tactics” (Gile, 1992: 191). The underlying basic ideas are mainly two:1.“interpretation requires some sort of mental energy that is only available in limited supply”;2. interpretation “takes up almost all of this mental energy

3、, and sometimes requires more than is available, at which times performance deteriorates” (Gile, 1995: 161).The key concepts of the Effort Models are the Processing Capacity and “the fact that some mental operations in interpreting require” a significant amount of it (Gile, 1992: 191). Since each in

4、terpreting phase implies an effort, the interpreter should therefore be able to find a balance among them in terms of energy. According to Gile, the efforts an interpreter faces are mainly four:（钟迪部分）1. Listening and Analysis Effort: concerning all “comprehension-oriented operations, from the analys

5、is of the sound waves carrying the source-language speech which reach the interpreters ears through the identification of words to the final decisions about the meaning of the utterance” (Gile, 1995: 162). These efforts are related to understanding: the mere hearing of the sounds of words is useless

6、 if the interpreters brain does not convert them into a meaningful message;2. Memory Effort: seen “more as a storage mechanism where information is temporarily kept before further processing takes place” (Liu, 2008: 173);高原部分3. Production Effort: in consecutive interpreting, this is further divided

7、in two production phases, the first being the moment in which the interpreter listen to the SL speech and takes notes and the second being the TL speech delivery (Gile, 1995: 165).4. Coordination Effort: compared to “the air-traffic controller for the interpreting that takes place, allowing the inte

8、rpreter to manage her focus of attention between the listening and analysis task and the ongoing self-monitoring that occurs during performance” (Leeson, 2005: 57). Once interpreters achieve this coordination point, they are able to perform the interpreting job in the most optimal conditions, since

9、their skills are balanced with the task in question. This is why the Coordination Effort plays such a fundamental role: the “art of smooth interpretation is based on the art of smooth coordination. Even if sometimes these Efforts overlap, coordination actually finds the balance between all the facto

10、rs.” (Kriston, 2012: 81)小薇部分Consequently, an interpretation (I) can be summarized with the following equation:(1) I = L + M + P + Cwhere L stands for the listening and analysis effort, M for memory, P for production and C for coordination.The total requirements (TR) for the interpretation will be th

11、e following:(2) TR = LR + MR + PR + CRAs a result, in order for the interpreter to carry out the interpretation smoothly, the following conditions need to be satisfied:齐鹤飞部分(3) TA > TR where TA is the total available capacity. Consequently,(4) TA > LR + MR + PR + CRwhere the R stands for requi

12、rements.Should conditions (2) and (3) not be fulfilled, the interpreter would experience mental saturation with an obvious negative effect on the interpreting performance. Here is exactly where the Coordination Effort comes into play, managing the interpreters resources and allowing him/her to “surv

13、ive”, like Monacelli suggests in her book Self-preservation in Simultaneous Interpreting (2009).邓卓部分What do they mean in practice?For those of you who dont like equations that much, lets simplify the concept. Interpreters have a certain amount of energy and during an assignment we need to find a bal

14、ance between 4 fundamental ingredients: 1) listening and analysis, 2) memory, 3) production and 4) coordination. Thanks to such a balance, the interpreter is then able to avoid mental saturation and a consequent negative performance.陈瑶部分Lets imagine two practical cases to see the usefulness of the E

15、ffort Models.CASE 1Lets say I am interpreting at a conference about emotional intelligence, a topic Ive been working on several times. I personally know the speaker, Ive already worked with him and read many of his books. Hes an English native speaker, who is aware of the difficulties interpreting e

16、ntails and thus speaks at a reasonable pace preventing me from having a heart attack.If we go back to Gile, this situation implies that listening, analysis and memory wont require an excessive amount of energy for me: Im familiar with the topic and its terminology, I am used to the speakers accent a

17、nd way of speaking and if its a consecutive I will also have my notes as a memory aid. Consequently, since I havent used too much energy, I can concentrate more on my output (Giles production).CASE 2 贾楠部分This is a purely hypothetical case: I am interpreting a meeting between two engineers in a facto

18、ry about the different machines used for a specialised process. Even though I carefully prepared for the assignment, I am not an engineer, so the topic is more challenging for me than the previous one. The speaker who does most of the talking is Chinese and has a very strong accent when speaking Eng

19、lish. Were walking around the factory, where it is pretty noisy, and I can barely take any notes or use any terminological aid.In Giles terms, the listening effort will be indeed very challenging. I will need to concentrate a lot because of the noise and try to decode what the Chinese is saying. Since its a very technical speech and I cannot take notes, the analysis and memory will also require lots of energy. This means I have less energy available for production than in the previous case. If I concentrate on my output as much as before,