西方语言学流派 第五章 布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派

1、西方语言学流派西方语言学流派第五章第五章 布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派l布拉格学派创始于1926年10月6日，布拉格语言学会召开第一次会议l马泰修斯、特鲁别茨柯依、雅克布逊l特点：国际性、成员积极参加国际学术活动、独立刊物布拉格语言学论丛Contents l1. 结构结构-功能语言观功能语言观l2. 音位对立音位对立l3. 历时音位学历时音位学l4. 区别性特征区别性特征l5. 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分l6. 哥本哈根学派的基本理论哥本哈根学派的基本理论第一节第一节 结构结构-功能语言观功能语言观l基本观点：基本观点：l重视历时语言研究的同时，强调共时语言研究的首要

2、地位l语言是一个价值系统l研究实现各种功能的语体l从语言功能入手，然后去研究语言形式l结构-功能语言观第一节第一节 结构结构-功能语言观功能语言观l功能语言观功能语言观l雅克布逊语言学与诗学l对话6个因素：语境、讲话人、听话人、信息、接触方式、语码l话语聚焦一个因素时，就产生一种功能l语境=所指功能（referential）、讲话者=表情功能（expressive）、听话者=呼吁功能（conative）、信息=诗学功能（poetic）、接触方式=寒暄功能（phatic）、语码=元语言功能（metalingual）第一节第一节 结构结构-功能语言观功能语言观l布拉格学派注重语义研究，这是与美国结

3、构主义布拉格学派注重语义研究，这是与美国结构主义的根本区别的根本区别l功能文体和功能方言l语言系统的开放性语言系统的开放性l模糊性第二节第二节 音位对立音位对立l布拉格学派的突出贡献是区分了语音学和音位学布拉格学派的突出贡献是区分了语音学和音位学lLangue vs. Parolel区分音位对立的标准区分音位对立的标准l与整个对立系统的关系l对立成员之间的关系l区别力量的大小l双边/多边对立、均衡/孤立对立、否定/分级/等价对立、抵消/永恒对立第三节第三节 历时音位学历时音位学l音位学研究方法不仅适用于共时语言学，也适用音位学研究方法不仅适用于共时语言学，也适用于历时语言学于历时语言学l历时音

4、位学历时音位学l用音位学的观点来研究语音演变l和谐原则和经济原则第四节第四节 区别性特征区别性特征l特鲁别茨柯依找出了经常出现的语音对立的音位特鲁别茨柯依找出了经常出现的语音对立的音位特性特性l雅克布逊发展了音位理论雅克布逊发展了音位理论l声学频谱分析语音（从描写一个音如何产生到描写一个音听起来是什么样子）l双分法第五节第五节 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分l句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分l用信息论的原理来分析话语或文句，测量一句话的各个部分对全句意义的贡献l三分法 vs. 二分法l交际力l一个语言单位交际力的大小就是它对交际展开过程的贡献大小，即推动交际向前发展的作用的大小第五节第五节

5、句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lCommunicative Dynamism (CD)lJ. FirbaslLinguistic communication is dynamic, not static.lCD measures the amount of information an element carries in a sentence. The degree of CD is the effect contributed by a linguistic element.lHe was cross.lThe lowest degree of CD is carried by he,

6、and the highest degree of CD is carried by cross, with the degree carried by was ranking between them.第五节第五节 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lTheoretically, any element - sentence, phrase, word, morpheme - may be singled out in order to establish a sharp contrast.lThe only element conveying new information has sign

7、ificant semantic content, whereas all the other elements conveying known information are determined by the context.lThe contextually dependent elements carry the lowest degree of CD.第五节第五节 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lContextual dependence or independence is determined by the very purpose of the communication.第

8、五节第五节 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lNormally the subject carries a lower degree of CD than the verb and/or the object and/or adverbial provided either the verb or the object and/or adverbial are contextually independent. lThis is because a known or unknown agent expressed by the subject appears to be communicati

9、vely less important than an unknown action expressed by the finite verb and/or an unknown goal (object or adverbial of place) at or towards which the action is directed. - A man broke into the house and stole all the money.第五节第五节 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lIf the subject is followed by a verb expressing “exis

10、tence or appearance on the scene” and is contextually independent, then it will carry the highest degree of CD, because an unknown person or thing appearing on the scene is communicatively more important than the act of appearing and the scene itself.- An old man appeared in the waiting room at five

11、 oclock.第五节第五节 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lIf the subject is contextually dependent, a contextually independent adverbial of time or place becomes an important local and temporal specification, carrying greater degree of CD than both the subject and the finite verb, as in- The old man was sitting in the waitin

12、g room.第五节第五节 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lFirbas defined FSP as the distribution of various degrees of CD.lThe initial elements of a sequence carry the lowest degree of CD, and with each step forward, the degree of CD becomes incremental till the element that carries the highest.lContextually dependent elements are always thematic. Non-thematic elements do not always depend on the context, and not every contextually independent element is