现代大学英语精读3第二版Unit4_Book3（课堂PPT）

1、Gilbert Highet Diogenes and AlexanderR einforcementT ext AnalysisDiogenes and AlexanderB ackgroundW arming upUnit 4Questions/ActivitiesCheck-on PreviewObjectivesWarming upDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4Warming upQuestions/Activities What does the author tell us about Diogenes? Who was he? What was his

2、philosophy? What did he think was the problem with people? How did he intend to help them? What were the key values he promoted? How, in his opinion, could we find true happiness? What does the author tell us about Alexander? What did this king have in common with Diogenes, the beggar? Why was Alexa

3、nder considered a man of destiny? How would you contrast the two characters? Why did Alexander decide to visit Diogenes? What did Diogenes really mean when he said that Alexander was blocking the sunlight?Define the following words and phrases: a mischievous pebble (para. 1)elaborate (para. 4) by de

4、sign (para. 6)restrained (para. 12)chivalrous (para. 12) Warming upCheck-on PreviewParaphrase:Live without conventions, which are artificial and false; escape complexities and extravagances: only so can you live a free life. (para. 4)His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”:

5、to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (para. 5) Warming upCheck-on PreviewObjectives1. Content: differences and similarities between Diogenes and Alexander Cynicism and its present significance philosophy vs. powe

6、r Writing: comparison and contrast DiogenesAlexander Diogenesother beggars/hermits/philosophers Alexanderother Macedonians (officers & officials)Here, the alternating comparison/contrast (subject by subject) is used.Warming upBackgroundAlexanderDiogenesDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4BackgroundDioge

7、nes1. Who was Diogenes? A beggar A philosopher A missionary Doctrine: Cynicism the doctrine that scorned worldly needs and pleasures and held that virtue was the key to the only good /d/diogsino.htmBackground Cynicism in modern sense: the belief of a cynic, who maintains that pe

8、ople are all motivated by selfishness, that no one will help others for good and sincere reasons2. What are the major tenets (principles) of Cynicism? Do you find any expressions of these principles in the text? self-sufficiency shamelessness outspokenness perfection of virtueDiogenesBackground Alex

9、ander Macedonian King: son of Philip The Thinker: student of Aristotle The Conqueror: Greece, Asia, Egypt Why do you think he wanted to bring so many regions under his rule?BackgroundAlexander the Greats Empire AlexanderBackgroundAlexander the Greats Empire AlexanderDetailedAnalysisStructure Text An

10、alysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4Diogenes: the beggar (paras. 1-3)Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: a free manOther people: half-menShelterFurnitureDressFoodPossessionsNature of the lifecask, a storage jar made of earthenwarea house (big, with many rooms) nonebeds, chairs, e

11、tc. (elaborate)blanket (half-naked)clothes (expensive)bits of food begged from others, drinking from his hollowed handselaborate nonehorses, servants, bank accounts (anxious)a life by choice, out of principle natural, healthy, independent a life as slaves of their possessions artificial, anxious, lo

12、ss of virtueDiogenes: the beggar (paras. 1-3)There are contrasts within the broad contrast. How did Diogenes contrast with ordinary homeless people?Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: the philosopher (para. 4)“A Socrates gone mad”: repositioning of convention below nature and reason2. Three key

13、 principles:living in accord with naturetotal disregard of conventionindependence (freedom) being the only true, lasting goodText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: the missionary (para. 5)1. Comparison with ordinary hermitsSimilarities: Both grew tired of human society with its complications and w

14、anted to live simply.Differences:Text Analysishermitswent away to live simplyon a small farm, in a quiet village or a caveDiogeneshad a sense of mission, deliberately chose to live in the busy streets in Athens or Corinth, in order to convert people Character AnalysisDiogenes: the missionary (para.

15、5)2. What was his mission?“to restamp the currency”call people back to the natural way of lifetrue lifeText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes: ways of teaching (para. 6)How did Diogenes differ from other philosophers of his time?Plato: taught his private pupils in his Academy, which he founded as o

16、ne of the earliest centers of advanced learning in the world. Aristotle: taught his own private pupils by the use of laboratory, instruments, and specimens.Diogenes: taught all those who would care to listen by his own example or by taking people around him for examples. Text AnalysisCharacter Analy

17、sisDiogenes: ways of teaching (para. 6)He carried a lighted lamp in broad daylight and inspected the face of everyone he met.Text Analysis“When you are all so busy, I feel I ought to do something!”Character Analysis Alexander: citizen of the world (paras. 11-13)1. King: different from other Macedoni

18、ans drinking? women? fighting?2. Thinker: Aristotles pupil, he learned culture philosophy principles of scientific research3. Conqueror took command of the League of Greek States commander-in-chief of a new expedition against old, rich, corrupt AsiaText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisCharacter AnalysisTe

19、xt Analysis“Stand to one side. Youre blocking the sunlight.” The Dramatic Encounter (paras. 14-17) The differences and similarities between the two historical characters. Differences Similarities Text AnalysisCharacter AnalysisDiogenes Alexander Physical appearanceIdentificationStatusPossessions &am

20、p; PowerMissionDifferencesText AnalysisCharacter Analysishigh, treated with respect, greeted with a bow and acclamationlying on the bare earth, shoeless, bearded, half-naked, like a beggar, a doghandsome face, fiery glance, strong body, purple and gold cloak, air of destiny philosopher, missionary g

21、reat monarch, conquerorlow, treated with contempt and disapproval none, rejecting possession or powerland and absolute power“restamp the currency”: to call people back to the simple and natural lifetrue valuebring people of the whole world to the light of civilizationBoth were great thinkers.Both ha

22、d a sense of mission.Both were “citizens of the world,” admiring the heroic figure of Hercules, who labored for mankind.Both were free. SimilaritiesText AnalysisCharacter AnalysisText AnalysisStructure1Paras. 1-10Diogenes (life, philosophy, mission, ways of teaching)2Paras. 11-13Alexander (a philoso

23、pher king with an inquiring, noble mind)3Paras. 14-17their dramatic encounter Sometimes they threw bits of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse. (para. 1) Sometimes people would throw bits of food to him, but he hardly thanked them at all.

24、Sometimes they would throw a pebble at him for fun, but get a shower of stones and a stream of abuse in return. Part I: Paraphrase Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis2. His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventi

25、onal markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (para. 5) His purpose in life was clear to him: it was “to reprint the coins.” Human life can be taken as the clean coins which are imprinted with false markings. He was to remove the false markings and print the true values on it. In other word

26、s, his aim in life was to call on people to reject the false, conventional way of life and return to the simple and natural life. Part I: Paraphrase Text AnalysisDetailed Analysis Having no work to go to and no family to provide _, he was free. (para. 1) provide for: give sb the things that they nee

27、d to live, such as food, clothing Translation 他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹。 He has to provide for his aged parents and two sister who are still at school. 道路被切断，无法给部队提供给养。 The road was cut off and supplies could not be provided for the troops.forPart I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis

28、2. As the market place _ up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners, he had _ through it for an hour or two. (para. 1) Cf. wander, roam, ramble, stroll Translation 中间还有两个小时，因此她逛了一趟商业中心。 There were still two hours to go, so she strolled through the shopping mall. 漫步海边，感觉太好了。 Its wonderf

29、ul to take a stroll along the seaside. strolledfilledPart I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis3. He thought everybody lived far too _, expensively, anxiously. What good is a house? (para. 2) Translation 彼得制定了一个非常详尽的计划来筹措资金。 Peter worked out an elaborate scheme for raising the fun

30、d. 他们为局长准备了一桌精美的饭菜，结果被狠狠批评了一顿。 They prepared a very elaborate meal for the bureau head only to be severely criticized. elaboratelyPart I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis4. No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture: the animals _ and sleep on the ground. All we require, si

31、nce nature did not dress us properly, is one garment to keep us warm, and some shelter from rain and wind. (para. 2) Translation 这名警察死时很年轻，但他的一生过得很有意义。 The policeman died young, but he lived a meaningful life. 作为一个探险者，他的一生充满了冒险。 As an explorer, he lived an adventurous life.live healthy livesPart I:

32、Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis he spent much of his life inCorinth, mocking and satirizing its people, and occasionally _ one of them. (para. 2) convert: to make sb change from one religion or belief to another Ann has converted to Islam recently. Marxist literature converted

33、him into a staunch revolutionary. Cf. to make sth change from one form, system to a different one This is part of the process of converting iron into steel. to change from one object into another I cant see how this plastic sheet converts into a tent. Part I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDeta

34、iled Analysisconverting6. He was not the first to _ such a thing. But he was the first who ever did so _ choice, _ principle. (para. 3) inhabit Some of the rare species inhabit the area. by choice She took the job in the West by choice. out of Just out of curiosity, why did you take that job?Part I:

35、 Words & ExpressionsinhabitbyText AnalysisDetailed Analysisout of7. They _ him. He is their slave. In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. (para. 4) Cf. What possessed him to say a stupid thing like that? She seemed

36、 possessed. Nobody could talk her out of it. Part I: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysispossess8. Therefore, he chose to live in Athens or Corinth, where travelers from all over the Mediterranean world constantly came and went. And, design, he publicly behaved in such ways as to sh

37、ow people what real life was. (para. 6) Translation 世界是有意缔造的呢，还是偶然形成的呢？ Was the world made by design or did it come into existence by chance?Part I: Words & ExpressionsbyText AnalysisDetailed Analysis1. The little square began to fill with peoplepage boys, soldiersthey all gradually formed a cir

38、cle around Diogenes. He looked them _, as a sober man looks at a crowd of tottering drunks, and shook his head. (para. 11) look over: (here) examine, scrutinize More examples with “over”: think over, talk over, read over, go over Part II: Words & ExpressionsoverText AnalysisDetailed Analysis Wit

39、h his handsome face, his f_ glance, his strong body, his purple and gold cloak, and his air of d_, he moved through the parting crowd toward the Dogs k_. (para. 14) Looking at the poor broken cask, the single r_ garment, and the rough figure lying on the ground, he said: “Is there anything I can do

40、for you, Diogenes?” (para. 15) more examples: beloved wife, blessed morning, a wicked man, my aged parents, a rugged coastlinePart III: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysis ieryestinyennelagged3. The Macedonian officers, after deciding that Diogenes was not _ the trouble of kicking,

41、 were starting to _ and nudge one another. (para. 17) Cf. worth, worthwhile, worthy a worthwhile cause/discussion/job High prices in the UK make it worthwhile for buyers to look abroad. be worthy of attention/consideration/mention A number of the findings are worthy of note. a worthy champion/winner

42、/sonPart III: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed Analysisworth guffaw Cf. grin, guffaw, titter, chuckle, giggle grin: to make a wide smile guffaw: to laugh loudly titter: to laugh in a suppressed way chuckle: to laugh softly in a low tone giggle: to laugh quietly in a silly, childish, unco

43、ntrolled wayPart III: Words & ExpressionsText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisReinforcementDiscussionDiogenes and AlexanderUnit 4ReinforcementWriting Techniques Comparison & Contrast examples use transitional words or expressions to make comparison and achieve unity: not so (para. 5), the otherbut

44、for (para. 6) use transitional paragraph to achieve coherence2. Parallelism achieve increased strength, sounding more powerful, more effective, e.g. para. 143. Euphemism e.g. done his business, natural acts He was one, but not the other. (para.1) Not so Diogenes. (para. 5) But for Diogenes, (para.6) Alexander was far older and wiser than his years. (para. 12) Like all Macedonians he loved (para. 12) he was a magnificent commander, but he was not merely a military automaton. (para.12) Only Diogenes, although he li