对古代丝路贸易与北宋白银货币化探析（The trade of ancient Silk Road and monetization of silver in Northern Song Dynasty）

1、对古代丝路贸易与北宋白银货币化探析（The trade of ancient Silk Road and monetization of silver in Northern Song Dynasty）The trade of ancient Silk Road and monetization of silver in Northern Song DynastyAbstract: in the history of ancient China currency, such as gold and silver and brass and iron and Monstera and so on

2、, were used as money, but the general trend of development in the history of money, and before the copper is the most main currency material, and the song and Yuan Dynasties, silver gradually became the main currency, coins and silver coordinates. During the song and Yuan Dynasties, it became the cr

3、itical period of silver monetization in the history of Chinese currency. In view of this, the academic circles have made many researches on the monetization of silver in the song and Yuan Dynasties, and made a series of important achievements. However, there is no consensus on the relationship betwe

4、en the Silk Road trade in the north and the monetization of silver. The author ventures, intends to make a preliminary study, please.Keywords: Silk Road trade; silver in Northern Song Dynasty; silver monetizationAbstract: In China ancient times in currency history, down to all the money copper steel

5、 turtle shell and so on, separately has acted as the currencies, but looked, from the entire currency history development's general trend, Song Yuan before the copper is the most main coin material but after, Song Yuan, the silver becomes the principal currency gradually, the copper cash and the

6、 silver coordinates. A Song Yuan time, becomes in the Chinese currency history the silver monetization crucial phase. Taking this into consideration, the academic circle has conducted various research to the Song Yuan time silver monetization question, has obtained a series of important achievements

7、. However, in the north silk road trade and the silver monetizati On's relational aspect, not yet reaches the consensus until now. Author bold mean, plans to make a preliminary discussion in light of this, asks respectfully to point out mistakes.Key word: Silk Road trade; Northern Song Dynasty s

8、ilver; Silver monetizationOneThe Northern Song Dynasty the Northern Silk Road trade, to the Song Dynasty, the main trading partners of Xixia, melon, sand two state government, West Uighur state, Yutian, Karakhan Dynasty (black Khanate), food, whisk um etc. Trade is tribute trade, market trade, civil

9、 trade etc. In the trade between the Song Dynasty and the various regions mentioned above, we found that there was silver on the side of it.First of all, in the tribute trade between the Song Dynasty and the political power, silver was mainly used by the Song Dynasty to give back. Such as day three

10、years (1025) December, Yutian sent on more tribute Luo, Song Dynasty "to its value. Don't give on clothes, belt, gold silver, clothing two hundred Luo Bailiang, in gold belt surface. (Note: history of Song Dynasty, volume 490, foreign country six) And as the Kalahan Dynasty in beat Yutian,

11、Yutian and inheritance of the Northern Song Dynasty trade relations, Jae Hee Ning years later, "far from more than one or two years old, in turn to. Tribute bead jade. Clove has to rest, no seal, to give each Jin L n halo spin the clothing, gold belt, currency". (Note: history of Song Dyna

12、sty, volume 490, foreign country six) In the "coin", it includes silver. And as the years 1023-1032), Ganzhou Tiansheng Uighur year tribute, and day three years (1025) April, "Khan, the princess and the prime minister Sawen falsely into the horse, frankincense, give silver, gold band,

13、 clothing, halo L n the Jin Xuan clothing has the difference". (Note: history of Song Dynasty, volume 490, foreign country six) In addition, whisk um on the Mediterranean coast, which y u the six years (1091) "the two to,Xixia in the territory built house, attracting people entering song t

14、rade, then secretly into the Xixia trade Song Min, "Ji Xia state in light industry trespassing legislation quechang trade" (Note: "xuzizhitongjian Changbian", volume 68, the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu January, volume 72, Dazhong Xiangfu over November.) "Light" is usu

15、ally used to refer to the silver and silk. But as a result of this trade has not received official recognition, the ease of hiding silver should be their preferred light. In this way, not only a large number of businessmen came to the East and the west to Silver City, businessmen from Song territory

16、 to a certain amount of silver.In the relevant records, the silver is mainly pay, and the various regime and through the North Silk Road Song Dynasty trade food, Brushed Silver um, pay no more than. The officials and merchants from the East paid silver to the Song Dynasty, a case of xixia. The six y

17、ear (1028) he sent people to the present "Xixia que, looking for money to buy silver, bo". (Note: "compilation of song" s "," food and goods "thirty-eight.) Obviously, the envoys in the purchase of goods is made of silver bianjing. However, it seems insufficient to

18、 deny the silver westward flow. On the one hand, the record did not explain to he present the Xixia people from the hands of the silver, Xixia and Song Dynasty, that is to say, they may be to celebrate New Year's Day silver, gave back to song dynasty. If so, the historical data is not enough to

19、explain that silver flows from the Xixia to the Northern Song dynasty. On the other hand, even if the Xixia people in the hands of the silver they brought from Xixia, Xixia is silver from flowing into the song, but this song and the flow direction of Xixia compared to the amount of silver, the diffe

20、rence is as can be imagined.Because of the Northern Song Dynasty Northern Silk Road trade maintained a certain scale, the tribute trade, legal trade and non-government trade West flow when a large number of silver. "Xining ten years in October 27th, the guest said: at the Tian Jin Feng, Rouass,

21、 Sawen are difficult to make money Siwansiqianyu 31 thousand pounds of frankincense, through three thousand through selling from the official sale for library. From among. "(Note:" compilation of song "s", "food and goods" thirty-eight.) The government of the Northern S

22、ong Dynasty bought thirty thousand jin of frankincense cheaply, but at the same time it had to pay three thousand costs. However, due to low value coins weighing, if this amount by three thousand through coin payment, Yutian messenger will be difficult to accept. And if only twenty percent of them p

23、ay by silver, only one transaction, the Song Dynasty will pay hundreds of two silver. Then, the overall situation of the Northern Song Dynasty and the western regions in terms of trade, according to Mr. Qian Boquan Xining three years (1070) analysis of Qin Fenglu Wang Shao played JINGLUE Shi Wen, be

24、lieves that western countries merchants operating in the Northern Song Dynasty Qin Feng annual folk trade, a total amount of not less than 7500. "(Note: Qian Boquan:" West Uighur state in the Silk Road in the position and role of "," Journal of Xinjiang University "in 1991 n

25、ineteenth. Fourth.) If this estimate is closer to the actual value of one or two, with 1500 silver coins of the calculation, equivalent to 500 taels of silver to a 7500. Even in the trade volume in the 500 taels, only 1/10 is the use of silver to pay, then the annual outflow of folk song territory i

26、n the transaction has reached 50 taels of silver. It's no wonder our face frequent tribute should find the Western messenger "for Dalai, afraid to" no wonder sometimes feel powerless to get the Song government price, and to give up into the tribute monopoly, refused to accept the tribu

27、te. Only in this case, it may appear to the east city merchants silver prices lead to song Zhaoyin phenomenon.TwoBecause a lot of silver sideways in the Silk Road trade, we see that the silver flowing silk road trade in, has created certain conditions for the silver currency, to a certain extent, ha

28、ve some positive impact on the silver monetization.First of all, although the silver in the trade in the Silk Road did not fulfill the function of currency as a general equivalent, the scope of the use of silver was expanded, and the commercialization of silver was further pushed forward. In the Sil

29、k Road trade, Song Zhaotong often used coins to calculate the price of goods,As previously cited Xining years off province report at the Tian Jin Feng Rouass, Sawen is difficult for the money Siwansiqianyu 31 thousand pounds of frankincense, through examples, perform the functions of the value scale

30、 is still not related with silver coins. At the same time, for the Northern Song Dynasty, it was not selling goods for silver, then buying goods with silver. Silver was not the currency that was used as a general equivalent after monetization. However, due to the East businessmen, Gong to need silve

31、r, silver stream flows westward, so, in the Northern Song Dynasty, silver is a kind of broad market trade goods, silver in addition to other uses, can be an important export commodity, its use has expanded the scope of. Not only that, in the exchange of the Silk Road trade process, can be exchanged

32、with silver by the object form, to the East in exchange for goods, the separation of silver value and use value, in the implementation of the transfer of ownership of silver and silver value jumped into the sheep horse, medicine, pearl and jade goods. Silver became the first song of export commoditi

33、es, realize the commercialization of silver. This is undoubtedly a progress for silver as a treasure and as a general product. It made natural silver a commodity and laid the foundation for silver from commodity to currency.Second, in the trade between the Song Dynasty and the East merchants and the

34、 tribute trade, we see the following exchange equation:X Y: viewpoint of "Song line horse sheepX, y, silver pearl and jadeX = y sweet medicine had azulene silkX / Y / cloth flower tea. ".This exchange equation has a completely different meaning for all parties involved in the exchange. The

35、 Song Dynasty is concerned, the equation of exchange means song money currency status has been a severe challenge, while silver and silk added to the song money party involved in the exchange, breaking the monopoly to coins and iron money, paved the way for the monetization of silver. As the Song Dy

36、nasty mainly used copper and iron as coins, the coins and iron coins were the general equivalent of the Song Dynasty. In the exchange between the Song Dynasty and the merchants from the East, song money was widely used for the purchase of goods. However, due to the East in the eyes of the merchants,

37、 tribute coins and iron money, only copper and iron in the Han ethnic costume, is not equivalent, so money to East Song merchants received the cold shoulder, the businessman, the tribute song refused to accept the case of money. As the first year of the reign of the emperor of England (1064), the mi

38、nisters of the Song Dynasty had given the money to five thousand classics, but Luo Sawen refused politely. "Desire was filled with silk, silk and brocade."". (Note: "compilation of song" s "," Fan Yi "," seven "food and goods 33 seven to eighteen.) O

39、n the contrary, silk and silver because of a broad market, by the East businessmen, Gong to welcome. So, on the right side of the equation, there were other materials, including silver, and silver together with other materials, to some extent, to get the opportunity to show the value of goods. In th

40、is case, the Song Dynasty began to discover another use value of silver for exchange, which was used to represent the value of the commodities coming from the east. In the equation of X horse = y two silver, there are two possible possibilities: one is to see the horse as a manifestation of the valu

41、e of the silver, and the conclusion is drawn that the X horse can buy y two silver. The second is to look at silver as a manifestation of the value of the horse, and read the equation as "buy x horses with y two silver."". Obviously, in this exchange, the more easy to use second pronu

42、nciations, and once in the "buy x horse" with y two silver pronunciation fixed down, to use y two silver can not only buy the X horse, can also buy other things, silver monetization was officially launched.In this way, the continuation of the Silk Road trade, increase the demand for silver

43、, expand the scope of the use of silver, accelerate the commercialization process of silver, especially silver silk road trade in participation, and provide a more favorable external environment for the currency of Northern Song Dynasty silver, silver is used to show the values of other commodities

44、provided opportunities,It is possible for silver to become a currency in its exchange with its own advantages, excluding copper coins and other materials. In such conditions, with the rapid development of commodity economy in the Northern Song Dynasty internal power, northwest of Song Dynasty and is

45、 closely related to the Silk Road trade and Tokyo, silver is widely put into circulation, to further expand the scope of use, in some places a higher level of economic development of the goods, silver began to fulfill the functions of money.As in the song of the summer between the Tibetan region, th

46、e region's economic development level is not high, but because of the summer is sometimes, sometimes is a song, the song of the summer two currency cannot move, and through the Silk Road through here, you can get the silver exchange with any party and transit businessmen so this with a lot of si

47、lver in circulation fan Department demand for silver. Because of this, the government department of a large number of foreign silver gift. If after the death of Yuan Hao, the Song Dynasty was isolated Xixia, had specifically issued an edict, the provisions of minority "duty of allegiance if men

48、," so that the militia, 10000 taels of silver, silk, money fifty thousand min. Tea five thousand jin. (Note: history of Song Dynasty volume 244, foreign country one)In the northwest region of Shaanxi, in addition to the aforementioned Song government in Qinzhou, directly with the silver horse,

49、using silver range more widely. Such as "Shaanxi Zhen Wu Bing", according to Hedong Guang Rui case, the official to straight to the city horse. Canton sharp local soldiers. The official charged the gold with full price. "(Note:" xuzizhitongjian Changbian ", Volume 55, Shinsh

50、u Hampyeong seven years in July.) This record shows that the silver in the military expenditure of the Northern Song Dynasty was put into circulation through the hands of the soldiers. Not only that, because of Shaanxi Guang Rui, Jin Yong, "thought the agency", so when they horse, "th

51、e officer to value, all the complex made Jin Yi, Ma Yue agency. (Note: history of Song Dynasty, Volume 151, soldier twelve, volume 128, food, three) "The agency" is not only the hand of silver and silver available, part of them for raising horses, put into circulation. In addition, Baiyin

52、in Shaanxi also exchanged for food, such as the day after, the Song government in Shaanxi "in the Treasury to buy gold silk, after countless. "Among them, Xining seventh (1074) Shaanxi specific way is to buy or buy" money, tea, silver, CH, u the silk to buy ". Since then, Chongni

53、ng five years (1106), Song Huizong also specifically Xiazhao, known as the "Shaanxi money light weight, commission of the transport department to handle, silver, silk, silk, CH, u 4, Bo buy somersault, with flat prices. (Note: history of Song Dynasty, Volume 151, soldier twelve, volume 128, foo

54、d, three) In this way, the government, they will be put into circulation in Baiyin, expand the use range of silver. Therefore, Song Shenzong, Xing Yuan house market prosperity, "the world of goods in a city, it is located in Boyi Jinzeng paint. "(Note:" Dan yuan set ", Volume 34,

55、" played for the begging repair and Tim soldiers like "Fu Yuan.) For Xingyuan palace like a considerable size of the market, the silver is no longer strange.More prominent, Kaifeng as the end of the Silk Road trade, at the same time the Song Dynasty is the highest level of commodity econom

56、y development area, where silver monetization has started. Scarlett o y u seven years (1062), Xixia people sell goods in the Northern Song Dynasty, five thousand and two hundred silver, and silver in the opening of "buy Le Renfu head four hundred, lavender fragrance, borneol, Zhu Shafan hundred

57、s of two, and buy clothes for Aya wall". (Note: "Xixia period" volume thirteen, note to Kong's "Tan yuan". Fiich Wu Tianchi "Xixia history", page 194, note 21. Sichuan people's publishing house, January 1983, Second Edition In this record, Xixia people sell

58、 goods get silver, not for consumption, but for the purchase of goods, silver is used to embody the value of the goods, the transfer of commodity value, actually obtained the use of a new value - for exchange, to fulfill the functions of means of circulation of money. The silver in the hands of the

59、Western Xia people began to become currency at the moment of exchange. ThreeHowever, the Silk Road trade provided the silver monetization for the Northern Song Dynasty, after all, it was only the external environment, which only made the silver monetization possible,But if the development of commodi

60、ty economy in Northern Song Dynasty have not yet made the silver monetization requirements, the external environment will become meaningless, silver monetization will still be in May stage, Baiyin flow but as commodity exports a lot of silver. More importantly, due to the time of Song Dynasty is in

61、a critical period of Chinese silver currency, and in the process of the silver monetization, whether there is sufficient silver will have an important impact on the monetization process, if there is no silver, silver monetization of course can only be empty talk, rather than the number of silver. It will